摘 要: 奶牛发情期和妊娠早期体内孕酮水平不足是导致其繁殖效率低的重要因素之一。较高的孕酮水平能够提高卵母细胞质量、调节激素分泌、调控子宫内环境以及促进胚胎发育,从而提升奶牛的繁殖效率。因此,发情期和妊娠早期孕酮水平与奶牛繁殖效率之间的关系受到广泛了关注。本文总结了孕酮对奶牛发情期及妊娠早期不同阶段的影响,并探讨了在这些关键时期提高孕酮水平的方法,以期为奶牛养殖产业提供生产指导,助力奶牛繁育工作提质增效。
关键词: 奶牛;孕酮;发情期;妊娠早期;繁殖效率
中图分类号: S823.91; S823.3
文献标志码:A
文章编号:0366-6964(2024)10-4241-09
收稿日期:2024-03-28
基金项目:宁夏回族自治区重点研发项目(2022BBF03022)
作者简介:孙国瀚(1996-),男,山东淄博人,硕士,主要从事动物繁殖技术和繁殖障碍研究,E-mail:sunguohan01@163.com
*通信作者:陶金忠,主要从事动物繁殖技术和繁殖障碍研究,E-mail:tao_jz@nxu.edu.cn
Effects and Regulation Methods of Progesterone on Reproduction in Dairy Cows During Estrus
and Early Pregnancy
SUN" Guohan, ZHENG" Hao, YANG" Zhuo, SHEN" Wenjuan, TAO" Jinzhong*
(College of Animal Science and Technology , Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021," China)
Abstract:" Insufficient progesterone levels during estrus and early pregnancy in dairy cows is one of significant factors contributing to low reproductive efficiency. Elevated progesterone levels have been shown to enhance oocyte quality, regulate hormone secretion, control the uterine environment, and promote embryonic development, thereby improving reproductive efficiency in dairy cows. Consequently, the relationship between progesterone levels during estrus and early pregnancy and reproductive efficiency in dairy cows has attracted significant attention. This paper summarizes the effects of progesterone on various stages of estrus and early pregnancy in dairy cows and explores methods to enhance progesterone levels during these critical periods. The objective is to provide production guidance for dairy farming industry and to improve the quality and efficiency of dairy cow breeding.
Key words: dairy cow; progesterone; estrus; early pregnancy; reproductive efficiency
*Corresponding author: TAO Jinzhong, E-mail:tao_jz@nxu.edu.cn
奶牛繁殖效率的高低是影响奶产业经济效益的关键因素,加强奶牛的繁育工作可提高其繁殖效率[1-3]。在奶牛繁育中,妊娠奶牛出现胚胎发育缓慢甚至停滞等问题,通常是由于体内孕酮水平偏低所致,孕酮主要是由黄体产生,具有保障胚胎正常生长和发育,调节子宫内环境等功能,此外孕酮还可作用于子宫内膜,刺激游离胚胎所依赖的子宫内膜分泌物的产生,在维持奶牛妊娠中起到了关键作用[4-6]。奶牛发情期和妊娠早期是其卵泡生长和胚胎发育的关键时期,在此期间的不同阶段,采用针对性的处理方法可以提高奶牛体内的孕酮水平,从而起到调节奶牛体内激素平衡、胚胎生长环境等作用,以此促进胚胎的生长发育,维持奶牛妊娠,实现奶牛繁殖效率的提高[7-8]。
1 孕酮对发情期奶牛卵泡发育的影响
在奶牛的发情周期中,排卵前旧黄体已溶解,此时奶牛体内的孕酮水平处于相对较低的水平。临近排卵时,奶牛卵巢中的卵泡开始迅速发育,进而形成成熟卵泡。奶牛垂体前叶会合成促黄体素,促进排卵后颗粒细胞黄体化,此时黄体迅速增加,分泌较多孕酮,可以在卵泡发育阶段起到调节卵泡成熟程度和细胞内信号传导通路的作用[9]。发情期奶牛通常会有嗅探、兴奋躁动等性情变化,若奶牛体内孕酮低会使卵泡发育不良,导致出现发情表达差、发情周期延长或不发情等情况,对奶牛的妊娠造成了负面影响[10-11]。补充孕酮后,可以使奶牛激素水平得到改善,有利于奶牛卵泡发育、发情表达以及发情时间的同步[12]。此外,孕酮还能够通过抑制垂体促卵泡激素的分泌,抑制排双卵现象,进而避免了双胎妊娠损失较高的风险,有效提高了其繁殖效率[13]。
在定时人工授精(timed artificial insemination,TAI)方案中,通过注射促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)进行预同期,可以刺激奶牛的垂体前叶释放促黄体素和促卵泡素,从而促进排卵并提高排卵后孕酮水平。这一过程可发挥同步卵泡波、促进黄体的消退以及生成优势卵泡等作用,并降低排双卵的概率,有效提高了TAI方案的效率[14-16]。研究表明,在TAI前16~2 d对奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH,可使妊娠率提高1~7.9个百分点。相比而言,TAI前3 d对奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表1)。
对于重复配种未能成功妊娠的奶牛,同时注射GnRH和插入阴道孕酮栓(CIDR)能够增加奶牛体内的孕酮水平,提高奶牛卵母细胞质量,并在随后的受精过程中提高妊娠率,降低双胎妊娠的比例,减少胚胎死亡,从而提高TAI方案的繁殖效率[19-20]。研究发现,在TAI前9~10 d给奶牛插入1.38~2.76 g的CIDR能够使妊娠率提高7~13.4个百分点。相比而言,TAI前10 d给奶牛插入1.38 g的CIDR效果更佳(表2)。
总体而言,奶牛排卵前较高的孕酮不仅可以促进卵泡发育和成熟,提高卵母细胞的质量,降低双胎妊娠风险,还能促进奶牛群的发情时间同步,从而有效提高了奶牛后续妊娠率。
2 TAI后7 d内孕酮对奶牛的影响
排卵后,如果对奶牛进行TAI,其卵母细胞将在输卵管内受精并形成胚胎,进入子宫发育。这是奶牛繁殖中胚胎丢失比例最高的时期[24]。受精后,受精卵将在输卵管中完成前3~5 d的发育,约在受精后4 d时形成由16个细胞构成的桑葚胚,随后进入子宫[25]。在这一过程中,孕酮不仅通过调节输卵管平滑肌的收缩和舒张,将胚胎输送至子宫,还通过促进子宫分泌营养素,为胚胎的生长发育提供营养和支持[26]。Talukder等[27]认为,奶牛妊娠7 d内
胚胎的发育环境尤为关键。胚胎进入子宫后,体内孕酮水平影响子宫环境和胚胎发育,较高的孕酮水平有助于调节子宫环境至有利于胚胎发育的状态,并促进胚胎发育。若此时奶牛体内孕酮水平较低,可能导致子宫营养素分泌与胚胎发育所需营养不同步,从而影响胚胎正常发育[28]。因此,在此阶段适当提高孕酮水平有助于促进胚胎的生长和发育。
在配种后早期注射GnRH能提高奶牛的妊娠率,可能是因为GnRH注射后促进了促黄体生成素的分泌,使黄体迅速具备功能。在第5~7天注射GnRH可能会诱导新的卵泡发育并促使排卵,间接提高了孕酮水平,确保胚胎正常发育[29]。研究表明,在TAI后0~7 d使用100 μg的GnRH,可使妊娠率提高5.6~11个百分点。相比而言,TAI后7 d对奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表3)。
注射hCG是提高繁殖效率的一种方法,通过促进奶牛黄体产生孕酮实现。hCG主要是由胎盘滋养层细胞分泌的一种糖蛋白,半衰期相对GnRH更长[33]。能够在奶牛体内模拟促黄体激素的作用,促进黄体发育和功能,可以保障黄体持续产生孕酮,有助于维持奶牛妊娠早期的稳定[34-35]。研究发现,在TAI后4~7 d对奶牛注射1 500~2 500 IU的hCG,可提高的1.5~8个百分点的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后6 d对奶牛注射1 500 IU的hCG效果更佳(表4)。
在奶牛妊娠后5 d内插入CIDR不仅可以提高奶牛体内的孕酮水平,还能够调控奶牛子宫内膜中FABP、DGAT2等关键基因的表达,可促进13~15 d孕体的发育及后续妊娠的识别,进而提高奶牛的繁殖效率[38-39]。研究显示,在TAI后0~5 d使用1.38~1.9 g的CIDR可以提高1.7~9个百分点的妊娠率。相比而言,在TAI后5 d使用1.9 g的CIDR效果更佳(表5)。
总体而言,该阶段胚胎的发育需要通过孕酮对子宫的作用来调节子宫内膜功能,通过调节输卵管和子宫分泌物来调节胚胎的发育,提高该阶段的孕酮水平能够提高随后奶牛的妊娠率。
3 妊娠后8~17 d孕酮对奶牛的影响
妊娠后8~10 d,胚胎从透明带孵化后继续生长,滋养外胚层伸长,经历由球形变为卵形的过渡阶段,通常在第12天至14天开始逐渐形成丝状原始条纹。此时,胚胎形成原肠胚,由内细胞团组成,内细胞团经过进一步分化,形成胚胎和滋养外胚层,最终形成胎盘[25]。相对而言,该阶段较高的孕酮主要发挥了提高奶牛妊娠早期胚胎质量、促进早期妊娠干扰素-τ(IFNT)分泌,抑制子宫收缩等作用,使子宫维持松弛状态,同时能够为胚胎的发育提供营养物质。当胚胎形成滋养外胚层细胞后,开始分泌大量的IFNT,这是奶牛妊娠识别的信号,且具有免疫调节功能[44]。研究表明,高孕酮水平的奶牛在妊娠识别和后续繁殖效率方面优于低孕酮水平的奶牛,主要是因为孕酮与IFNT协同作用,影响外周血液中的白细胞,使干扰素刺激基因(ISGs)表达量升高,进而提高了奶牛的妊娠识别和后续繁殖效率[45]。此外,Wiltbank等[46]发现,在此期间较高水平的孕酮会使奶牛孕体体积增大、IFNT分泌增加,IFNT的增多会抑制前列腺素的分泌,可缓冲子宫黄体的溶解,以此确保维持黄体功能,实现了调节子宫环境的目的。
在此阶段,对奶牛注射GnRH可以促进孕酮与IFNT的相互作用。IFNT通过抑制奶牛子宫前列腺素分泌,有效降低了黄体被子宫前列腺素溶解的比例,使奶牛体内孕酮水平增加,提高了奶牛的繁殖效率[47]。研究发现,TAI后11~17 d对奶牛使用100 μg的GnRH,可提高3.6~7.6个百分点的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后14 d对奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表6)。
为避免奶牛出现因孕酮缺乏而导致胚胎发育受阻的情况,可采用插入CIDR的方法。这种方法有助于增加孕酮水平、调节卵巢功能并促进孕体发育,有利于奶牛妊娠的维持[51]。研究发现,在TAI后7~14 d对奶牛使用1.38 g的CIDR,可提高3~6.8个百分点的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后14 d使用1.38 g的CIDR效果更佳(表7)。
总体而言,该阶段孕体的生长和发育需要通过孕酮对子宫的作用来调节子宫内膜功能,包括孕体与母体的相互作用以及妊娠识别等过程,提高该阶段的孕酮水平能够提高奶牛的妊娠率。
4 妊娠17 d后孕酮对奶牛的影响
妊娠17 d后,奶牛子宫内膜将继续增厚,并持续为孕体提供养分,此时较高孕酮可以通过影响孕体和子宫内膜转录组,起到维持妊娠的作用[54]。此后,奶牛仍会因孕体小导致IFNT分泌不足出现黄体溶解的情况,从而降低孕酮水平,增加了流产的风险[55]。因此,在奶牛妊娠17~42 d补充孕酮的主要作用在于维持妊娠状态的稳定,进而维持孕酮水平、减少流产风险[56-57]。
注射GnRH可以提高奶牛体内孕酮水平,能够进一步稳定奶牛的妊娠状态,有效避免了奶牛因孕酮不足导致出现妊娠损失[58]。值得注意的是,人工合成GnRH的使用效果因氨基酸组成不同而异,比如Cystorelin提高孕酮效果比Factrel更好[59]。此外,近年来Garcia-Ispierto所在团队研究了GnRH类似物dephereline对奶牛奶牛繁殖效率的影响,发现GnRH和dephereline的提升奶牛的妊娠效果相似,但在提高胚胎存活率方面效果更好(胚胎丢失率降低了11.6%),进而使繁殖效率变得更高[60-62]。研究发现,TAI后17 d对奶牛使用100 μg的GnRH,可提高0.6~6.9个百分点的妊娠率。相比而言,TAI后18和32 d对奶牛注射100 μg的GnRH效果更佳(表8)。
另有研究表明,为奶牛提供高营养饲料和适宜的环境,定期进行疫苗接种和驱虫的工作,可提高奶牛的抗氧化、免疫能力,进而降低奶牛疾病的发生率,以此减少因疾病导致奶牛体内孕酮水平低的现象[64-65]。此外,在日粮中通过补充矿物质或硒等也可有效提高奶牛体内孕酮水平[66-67]。因此,可以根据生产实际选择相对应的方案,提高奶牛的繁殖效率。
5 结论与展望
妊娠早期是奶牛因体内孕酮水平低导致胚胎丢失的高风险阶段。奶牛发情期和妊娠早期的黄体功能需要孕酮来维持,较高的孕酮水平能够促进胚胎正常发育,降低流产的风险,有效提高奶牛的繁殖效率。奶牛排卵前,通过注射GnRH、插入CIDR的方法可以增加体内孕酮含量,促进卵泡发育和成熟,提高卵母细胞质量,并减少双胎妊娠的风险。AI后0~7 d,通过注射hCG、GnRH以及插入CIDR的方法,可以有效提高奶牛体内孕酮水平,调节子宫环境并促进胚胎的健康发育。妊娠后8~17 d,通过注射GnRH和插入CIDR可促进奶牛孕体的发育,增加妊娠识别信号IFNT的分泌。妊娠17 d后,通过注射GnRH及优化饲养管理可降低奶牛的妊娠损失。总体而言,适当的补充孕酮在奶牛繁殖工作中至关重要。未来的研究可以通过监测和调控奶牛不同时期孕酮水平,进一步探索孕酮在奶牛繁殖过程中的作用机制,为奶牛繁殖管理提供更多的科学依据和技术支持。
参考文献(References):
[1] 中华人民共和国农业农村部.关于印发《“十四五”奶业竞争力提升行动方案》的通知[EB/OL].(2022-02-16).https:∥www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2022/202204/202206/t20220607_6401741.htm.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.“14th five-year plan” dairy industry competitiveness improvement action plan[EB/OL].(2022-02-16).https:∥www.moa.gov.cn/nybgb/2022/202204/202206/t20220607_6401741.htm.(in Chinese)
[2] 中华人民共和国农业农村部,发展改革委,科技部,等.关于进一步促进奶业振兴的若干意见[EB/OL].(2018-12-24).https:∥www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/xczx/zccs_24715/201812/t20181228_6165785.htm.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People′s Republic of China,National Development and Reform Commission,Ministry of Science and Technology of the People′s Republic of China,et al.Several opinions on further promoting the revitalization of the dairy industry[EB/OL].(2018-12-24).https:∥www.moa.gov.cn/ztzl/xczx/zccs_24715/201812/t20181228_6165785.htm.(in Chinese)
[3] 中华人民共和国农业农村部,国家发展改革委,财政部,等.关于印发《全国现代设施农业建设规划 (2023—2030年)》的通知[EB/OL].(2023-06-09).https:∥www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202306/cont ent_6887551.htm.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People′s Republic of China,National Development and Reform Commission,Ministry of Finance of the People′s Republic of China,et al.Notice on issuing the national modern facility agriculture construction plan (2023-2030)[EB/OL].(2023-06-09).https:∥www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202306/content_6887551.htm.(in Chinese)
[4] SPECKHART S L,OLIVER M A,EALY A D.Developmental hurdles that can compromise pregnancy during the first month of gestation in cattle[J].Animals (Basel),2023,13(11):1760.
[5] REKAWIECKI R,KOWALIK M K,KOTWICA J.The expression of progesterone receptor coregulators mRNA and protein in corpus luteum and endometrium of cows during the estrous cycle[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2017,183:102-109.
[6] SILVA L O E,VALENZA A,ALVES R L O R,et al.Progesterone release profile and follicular development in Holstein cows receiving intravaginal progesterone devices[J].Theriogenology,2021,172:207-215.
[7] MELO D B,COELHO W M Jr,MARQUES T C,et al.Effect of 200 μg of gonadorelin hydrochloride at the first GnRH of a CIDR Synch program on ovulation rate and pregnancies per AI in Holstein heifers[J].J Dairy Sci,2024.
[8] SIMES L M S,LIMA E A,CARVALHO L R,et al.Exposure to progesterone before an ovulation synchronization protocol increases the follicular diameter and fertility of multiparous suckled Bos taurus cows[J].Theriogenology,2024,218:239-243.
[9] 费国庆,宁致远,赵泽芳,等.妊娠期奶牛黄体细胞的分离鉴定及培养特性[J].畜牧兽医学报,2024,55(5):2214-2225.
FEI G Q,NING Z Y,ZHAO Z F,et al.Isolation,identification of luteal cells from cows during pregnancy and investigation of their culture characteristics[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2024,55(5):2214-2225.(in Chinese)
[10] GAUDE I,KEMPF A,STRVE K D,et al.Estrus signs in Holstein Friesian dairy cows and their reliability for ovulation detection in the context of visual estrus detection[J].Livest Sci,2021,245:104449.
[11] BORCHARDT S,TIPPENHAUER C M,PLENIO J L,et al.Association of estrous expression detected by an automated activity monitoring system within 40 days in milk and reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2021,104(8): 9195-9204.
[12] GARCIA-ISPIERTO I,LÓPEZ-HELGUERA I,SERRANO-PÉREZ B,et al.Progesterone supplementation during the time of pregnancy recognition after artificial insemination improves conception rates in high-producing dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2016, 85(7):1343-1347.
[13] LÓPEZ-GATIUS F,HUNTER R H F.Preventing twin pregnancies in dairy cattle,turning the odds into reality[J].Livest Sci, 2019,229:1-3.
[14] BRUINJÉ T C,MORRISON E I,RIBEIRO E S,et al.Associations of postpartum health with progesterone after insemination and endocrine signaling during early pregnancy in dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2024,107(5):3168-3184.
[15] CONSENTINI C E C,CARNEIRO T O,NERI H,et al.Improved fertility following a gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment on day 2 of an estradiol and progesterone-based timed-artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows[J].JDS Commun,2022, 3(3):212-216.
[16] PEREIRA M H C,WILTBANK M C,GUIDA T G,et al.Evaluation of presynchronization and addition of GnRH at the beginning of an estradiol/progesterone protocol on circulating progesterone and fertility of lactating dairy cows[J].Theriogenology, 2020,147:124-134.
[17] TSCHOPP J C,BÓ G A.Success of artificial insemination based on expression of estrus and the addition of GnRH to an estradiol/progesterone-based protocol on pregnancy rates in lactating dairy cows[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2022,238:106954.
[18] CARVALHO P D,FUENZALIDA M J,RICCI A,et al.Modifications to Ovsynch improve fertility during resynchronization: evaluation of presynchronization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone 6 d before initiation of Ovsynch and addition of a second prostaglandin F2α treatment[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(12):8741-8752.
[19] AZEVEDO C,MAIA I,CANADA N,et al.Comparison of fertility,regular returns-to-estrus,and calving interval between Ovsynch and CO-synch+CIDR protocols in dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2014,82(6):910-914.
[20] CLAYPOOL C K,SPENCER J A,ZOCA S M,et al.Short communication:reproduction outcomes in dairy heifers following a 14-d progesterone insert presynchronization protocol[J].J Dairy Sci,2019,102(12):11730-11735.
[21] ABDALLA H,MAKAU D N,SALEM S E.Treatment of cows that fail to respond to pre-synchronization treatments with a CIDR-Ovsynch regimen improves the overall pregnancy percentage after a double Ovsynch treatment regimen[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2020,216:106356.
[22] BISINOTTO R S,CASTRO L O,PANSANI M B,et al.Progesterone supplementation to lactating dairy cows without a corpus luteum at initiation of the Ovsynch protocol[J].J Dairy Sci,2015,98(4):2515-2528.
[23] EL-TARABANY M S.The efficiency of new CIDR and once-used CIDR to synchronize ovulation in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2016,173:29-34.
[24] BERG D K,LEDGARD A,DONNISON M,et al.The first week following insemination is the period of major pregnancy failure in pasture-grazed dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2022,105(11):9253-9270.
[25] FORDE N,LONERGAN P.Interferon-tau and fertility in ruminants[J].Reproduction,2017,154(5):F33-F43.
[26] WILTBANK M C,BAEZ G M,GARCIA-GUERRA A,et al.Pivotal periods for pregnancy loss during the first trimester of gestation in lactating dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2016,86(1):239-253.
[27] TALUKDER A K,MAREY M A,SHIRASUNA K,et al.Roadmap to pregnancy in the first 7 days post-insemination in the cow:immune crosstalk in the corpus luteum,oviduct,and uterus[J].Theriogenology,2020,150:313-320.
[28] HANSEN P J.Perspective:can early embryonic losses be reduced in lactating dairy cows?[J].J Dairy Sci,2023,106(10): 6593-6596.
[29] COLAZO M G,BEHROUZI A,AMBROSE D J,et al.Diameter of the ovulatory follicle at timed artificial insemination as a predictor of pregnancy status in lactating dairy cows subjected to GnRH-based protocols[J].Theriogenology,2015,84(3):377-383.
[30] BURNETT T A,MADUREIRA A M L,BAUER J W,et al.Impact of gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration at the time of artificial insemination on conception risk and its association with estrous expression[J].J Dairy Sci,2022,105(2):1743-1753.
[31] GOBIKRUSHANTH M,MAPLETOFT R J,COLAZO M G.Estrous activity and pregnancy outcomes in Holstein heifers subjected to a progesterone based 5-d CO-Synch protocol with or without administration of initial GnRH[J].Theriogenology, 2023,202:36-41.
[32] DEWEY S T,MENDONÇA L G D,LOPES G,et al.Resynchronization strategies to improve fertility in lactating dairy cows utilizing a presynchronization injection of GnRH or supplemental progesterone:I.Pregnancy rates and ovarian responses[J].J Dairy Sci,2010,93(9):4086-4095.
[33] GARCIA-ISPIERTO I,DE RENSIS F,CASAS X,et al.Inducing ovulation with hCG in a five-day progesterone-based fixed-time AI protocol improves the fertility of anestrous dairy cows under heat stress conditions[J].Theriogenology,2019,124:65-68.
[34] SNCHEZ J M,RANDI F,PASSARO C,et al.Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration 2 days after insemination on progesterone concentration and pregnancy per artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2018,101(7):6556-6567.
[35] EL AZZI M S,VALDES-ARCINIEGA T,ANTA-GALVAN E,et al.Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on the last day of a 5-day CIDR Synch protocol and 5 days later on circulating progesterone concentrations and luteal area in Holstein heifers[J].JDS Commun,2022,3(5):368-372.
[36] ALNIMER M A,SHAMOUN A I.Treatment with hCG 4 or 6 days after TAI to improve pregnancy outcomes in repeat-breeding dairy cows[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2015,157:63-70.
[37] VASCONCELOS J L M,S FILHO O G,JUSTOLIN P L T,et al.Effects of postbreeding gonadotropin treatments on conception rates of lactating dairy cows subjected to timed artificial insemination or embryo transfer in a tropical environment[J].J Dairy Sci,2011,94(1):223-234.
[38] FORDE N,CARTER F,FAIR T,et al.Progesterone-regulated changes in endometrial gene expression contribute to advanced conceptus development in cattle[J].Biol Reprod,2009,81(4):784-794.
[39] FERGUSON C E,KESLER D J,GODKE R A.Improving pregnancy rates in problem breeder cattle by administration of 15 mg of progesterone on days 3-5 post-mating[J].J Appl Anim Res,2012,40(3):173-178.
[40] BISINOTTO R S,RIBEIRO E S,MARTINS L T,et al.Effect of interval between induction of ovulation and artificial insemination (AI) and supplemental progesterone for resynchronization on fertility of dairy cows subjected to a 5-d timed AI program[J].J Dairy Sci,2010,93(12):5798-5808.
[41] HANLON D W,DAVIDSON P J,HITTMANN A R,et al.Supplementing previously treated anestrous dairy cows with progesterone does not increase first-service conception rate[J].Theriogenology,2005,63(1):239-245.
[42] MONTEIRO P L J,RIBEIRO E S,MACIEL R P,et al.Effects of supplemental progesterone after artificial insemination on expression of interferon-stimulated genes and fertility in dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2014,97(8):4907-4921.
[43] FRIEDMAN E,ROTH Z,VOET H,et al.Progesterone supplementation postinsemination improves fertility of cooled dairy cows during the summer[J].J Dairy Sci,2012,95(6):3092-3099.
[44] MANN G E,FRAY M D,LAMMING G E.Effects of time of progesterone supplementation on embryo development and interferon-τ production in the cow[J].Vet J,2006,171(3):500-503.
[45] BRUINJÉ T C,MORRISON E I,RIBEIRO E S,et al.Associations of postpartum health with progesterone after insemination and endocrine signaling during early pregnancy in dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2024,107(5):3168-3184.
[46] WILTBANK M C,MEIDAN R,OCHOA J,et al.Maintenance or regression of the corpus luteum during multiple decisive periods of bovine pregnancy[J].Anim Reprod,2016,13(3):217-233.
[47] KAYA S,KAÇAR C,POLAT B,et al.Association of luteal blood flow with follicular size,serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations,and the inducibility of luteolysis by PGF2α in dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2017,87:167-172.
[48] FRANCO M,THOMPSON P M,BRAD A M,et al.Effectiveness of administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone at days 11,14 or 15 after anticipated ovulation for increasing fertility of lactating dairy cows and non-lactating heifers[J].Theriogenology, 2006,66(4):945-954.
[49] LÓPEZ-GATIUS F,SANTOLARIA P,MARTINO A,et al.The effects of GnRH treatment at the time of AI and 12 days later on reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows during the warm season in northeastern Spain[J].Theriogenology, 2006,65(4):820-830.
[50] BRUNO R G S,MORAES J G N,HERNNDEZ-RIVERA J A H,et al.Effect of an Ovsynch56 protocol initiated at different intervals after insemination with or without a presynchronizing injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on fertility in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2014,97(1):185-194.
[51] CHEBEL R C,SCANAVEZ A A,SILVA P R B,et al.Evaluation of presynchronized resynchronization protocols for lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2013,96(2):1009-1020.
[52] BILBY T R,BRUNO R G S,LAGER K J,et al.Supplemental progesterone and timing of resynchronization on pregnancy outcomes in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2013,96(11):7032-7042.
[53] ALNIMER M A,LUBBADEH W F.Effect of progesterone (P4) intravaginal device (CIDR) to reduce embryonic loss and to synchronize return to oestrus of previously timed inseminated lactating dairy cows[J].Anim Reprod Sci,2008,107(1/2):36-47.
[54] MADOZ L V,RABAGLINO M B,MIGLIORISI A L,et al.Association between progesterone concentration and endometrial gene expression in dairy cows[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,2021,74:106481.
[55] DOMINGUES R R,ANDRADE J P N,CUNHA T O,et al.Is pregnancy loss initiated by embryonic death or luteal regression?Profiles of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins during elevated progesterone and pregnancy loss[J].JDS Commun,2023, 4(2):149-154.
[56] GIORDANO J O,WILTBANK M C,GUENTHER J N,et al.Effect of presynchronization with human chorionic gonadotropin or gonadotropin-releasing hormone 7 days before resynchronization of ovulation on fertility in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2012, 95(10):5612-5625.
[57] LÓPEZ-GATIUS F,SANTOLARIA P,YNIZ J L,et al.Progesterone supplementation during the early fetal period reduces pregnancy loss in high-yielding dairy cattle[J].Theriogenology,2004,62(8):1529-1535.
[58] LOPES G,GIORDANO J O,VALENZA A,et al.Effect of timing of initiation of resynchronization and presynchronization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone on fertility of resynchronized inseminations in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2013,96(6): 3788-3798.
[59] SOUZA A H,CUNHA A P,SILVA E P B,et al.Comparison of gonadorelin products in lactating dairy cows:efficacy based on induction of ovulation of an accessory follicle and circulating luteinizing hormone profiles[J].Theriogenology,2009,72(2):271-279.
[60] LÓPEZ-GATIUS F,GARCIA-ISPIERTO I.Treatment with an elevated dose of the GnRH analogue dephereline in the early luteal phase improves pregnancy rates in repeat-breeder dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2020,155:12-16.
[61] GARCIA-ISPIERTO I,LÓPEZ-GATIUS F.Inducing ovulation with the GnRH analogue dephereline in a five-day progesterone-based fixed-time AI protocol improves embryo survival in anestrous dairy cows[J].Livest Sci,2020,239:104087.
[62] GARCIA-ISPIERTO I,DE RENSIS F,PÉREZ-SALAS J A,et al.The GnRH analogue dephereline given in a fixed-time AI protocol improves ovulation and embryo survival in dairy cows[J].Res Vet Sci,2019,122:170-174.
[63] WIJMA R,STANGAFERRO M L,MASELLO M,et al.Resynchronization of ovulation protocols for dairy cows including or not including gonadotropin-releasing hormone to induce a new follicular wave:effects on re-insemination pattern,ovarian responses,and pregnancy outcomes[J].J Dairy Sci,2017,100(9):7613-7625.
[64] 靳 青,张相伦,魏 晨,等.氧化应激通过Fas/FasL信号通路调控奶牛子宫内膜细胞凋亡[J].畜牧兽医学报,2022, 53(6): 1819-1828.
JIN Q,ZHANG X L,WEI C,et al.Oxidative Stress-induced apoptosis in bovine endometrial cells is mediated through Fas/FasL signaling pathway[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2022,53(6):1819-1828.(in Chinese)
[65] BRUINJÉ T C,MORRISON E I,RIBEIRO E S,et al.Progesterone profiles in postpartum dairy cows with inflammatory disorders[J].J Dairy Sci,2024.https:∥doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24604.
[66] MION B,MADUREIRA G,SPRICIGO J F W,et al.Effects of source of supplementary trace minerals in pre-and postpartum diets on reproductive biology and performance in dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2023,106(7):5074-5095.
[67] CERNY K L,ANDERSON L,BURRIS W R,et al.Form of supplemental selenium fed to cycling cows affects systemic concentrations of progesterone but not those of estradiol[J].Theriogenology,2016,85(5):800-806.
(编辑 郭云雁)