语篇填空解题策略

2024-08-29 00:00:00陈丹
初中生学习指导·中考版 2024年6期

语篇填空是辽宁省新中考英语试卷笔试部分的非选择题,通过对2024 年辽宁省初中学业水平考试英语试卷(样卷)分析,语篇填空题和高考此类题型一致,这样也能为高中学习提供一个好的基础。这种题型能全面检测学生在英语词汇、语法,甚至是句法上的运用能力,能更科学地反映学生的英语综合水平。其中约有3个直接填空,没有提示,另约有7个填适当形式,共10分。语篇填空是失分较多的题型,下面结合2024 年辽宁省初中学业水平考试英语试卷(样卷)真题,谈谈如何巧用解题策略,攻克这一难关。

一、题型分析

语篇填空是在一篇200词左右的短文中留出10个空白,主要考查语言知识运用,要求学生根据上下文在空白处填写1个适当的单词或所给词的正确形式。7个给出提示词的空考查实词变化,3个不给出提示词的空考查虚词运用,直接填写,一般为介词、冠词和连词。

实词的考查主要有以下几个方向:①名词:单复数变化、所有格变化、词性变化(变动词);②形容词:词性变化(变副词)、级别变化(比较级可能性较大);③副词:词性变化(变形容词)、级别变化;④动词:谓语的时态变化、语态变化、第三人称单数变化、非谓语的不定式(宾语、宾语补足语、目的状语);⑤数词:基数词与序数词变化;⑥代词:主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词、反身代词、不定代词的变化。

这种题型旨在考查学生语言知识运用和分析能力,涉及的语法项目主要有词类的句法功能、时态、语态、动词不定式、固定用法等。同学们在备考时不仅要记住词汇的意思和词性,还要知道词汇在句子中充当的句子成分,并根据其语法功能选用正确的形式。

二、 解题思路

1.浏览全文,了解大意

通读全文的目的是为了把握全文的大意,为下一步填空做好语义上的准备。因为语义决定着空白处应填一个什么样的词语并采用什么样的语法形式。在通读全文的过程中,为了准确地把握其大意,很有必要弄清文章的题材、体裁、中心思想、写作线索、 篇章结构、段落层次、逻辑关系、词句理解等。这样有助于真正读懂文章大意,也有利于填空时进行必要的逻辑推理,把会写的固定搭配先写出来。

2.精读短文,正确填空

在通读全文,基本把握文章大意之后,就可以着手尝试填空了。这一步是解题的关键,是一个对每个段落层次以及整个语篇中的词汇、句子、语义、语言结构和上下文语境进行综合分析并作出判断的复杂的思维过程,也是对每个学生的英语语法基本功,对英语语篇的感知能力和运用英语思维能力的检验过程。

做题时,学生对空白处的词性能作出迅速的判断,对文章句子的结构能作出准确的分析,然后才能准确无误地填出答案。做语篇填空题应综合考虑,先易后难。当遇到难以判断的空档时,不妨先放一边,继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能作出断定的。有时,前后信息之间还有相互提示作用。因此,当我们遇到难题时,不能久久停留于此,这样会浪费不必要的时间。

3.复读全文,仔细推敲

所有的空白处都填好了。这时,我们有必要把整篇文章从头至尾复读一遍。

从语义和逻辑的角度审视全文,从词义辨析、词语搭配和习惯用语等方方面仔细推敲,看其语法是否正确,行文是否通顺流畅,条理是否清晰,逻辑是否合理,读起来是否符合语感。要仔细揣摩,准确定夺,重点检查没有给词的空,若空后是序数词或是最高级记得加the。

另外,还要特别注意单词的拼写,千万不能犯由于单词写错而导致失分的低级错误。

4.再读短文,查缺补漏

结合基本语法和上下文语境,验证答案。重点检查名词单复数、单词大小写、动词时态以及第三人称单数形式。

三、 真题链接

【试题】(2023-2024学年辽宁省沈阳市和平区九上期末试卷)

阅读短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或用括号内所给词的正确形式填空,使短文通顺、连贯。

Today, AI is very smart. It can write an article, create a piece of art, etc. And now, it can even read your mind and translate it into text . This new AI tool__51

(develop) by a team in the U.S.A last year.

The tool has two main parts, a scanner (扫描仪) and an AI system called GPT-1.The scanner can record__52__(people) brain activities. Three human volunteers__53__(take) part in the team’s experiment. Each person spent sixteen hours listening__54 stories. The people imagined the stories as they heard them. And the scanner recorded their brain activities.

These recordings and the text of the stories were put into GPT-1. It then made connections between__55__(they).

Then came the test: some__56__(scientist) let the volunteers listen to some new stories. This time, GPT-1 was given only their brain activity recordings. The AI system then wrote out the stories according to the recordings.

The results were very similar to the correct answers. The words weren’t exactly the same.__57 they often carried the same meaning. One of the test stories, for example, was about a person who didn’t have a driver’s license. GPT-1 came up with this: “She has not learnt__58__(drive) yet.”

The scientists say that GPT-1 is the__59__(one) AI system to turn humans’ thoughts into words. Some people have lost the ability to speak because of injury or disease. In the future, this technology could be__60__(use) to them.

【文章大意】

本文主要介绍了一种新的科技GPT-1,它能把人们的想法变成文字。

【答案解析】

51.考查被动语态。句意:“这种新的AI工具是去年由美国的一个团队开发的。”主语this new Al tool与a team之间是被动关系,develop“开发”,根据“last year”可知,时态为一般过去时,主语是单数形式,be动词用 was,develop的过去分词为developed。故填was developed。

52.考查名词所有格。句意:“扫描仪可以记录人们的大脑活动。”空白处修饰名词,应用所给单词people的所有格形式。故填people’s。

53.考查动词。句意:“3名志愿者参加了该团队的实验。”take part in“参加”,时态为一般过去时,take的过去式为took。故填 took。

54.考查介词。句意:“每个人花了16个小时听故事。”listen to story“听故事”,固定搭配。故填to。

55.考查代词。句意:“然后它在它们之间建立了联系。”介词between后面应该加宾格形式,they的宾格形式为them。故填them。

56.考查名词。句意:“然后是测试:一些科学家让志愿者听一些新故事。”scientist“科学家”可数名词,some修饰可数名词复数形式。故填scientists。

57.考查连词。句意:“但它们往往具有相同的含义。”根据“The words weren’t exactly the same. (这些话并不完全一样。)”可知前后句之间表示转折关系,用but连接,句子首字母大写。故填But。

58.考查动词不定式。句意:“GPT-1得出这样的结论:‘她还没有学会开车。’”learn to do sth“学会做某事”,固定搭配,drive“开车”,空白处应用动词不定式形式。故填to drive。

59.考查序数词。句意:“科学家们表示,GPT-1是第一个将人类思想转化为文字的人工智能系统。”根据“the”及所给单词提示可知,空白处应用one的序数词first,表示第一个。故填 first。

60.考查形容词。句意:“在未来,这项技术可能对他们有用。” be useful to sb“对某人有用”,be动词后面加形容词,use的形容词为 useful。故填useful。

四、跟踪练习

阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

According to some old Chinese stories, there once was__1 ancient emperor named Shennong. At that time, people could not tell the difference between medicinal(药用的)and poisonous(有毒的) plants. When they got sick, there was no medicine to treat their illnesses. Many sick people could only wait for__2__(die). To save his people, Shennong decided__3__(find) and test out different plants. He and his followers__4__(set) out on a journey in search of medicinally effective plants. Once, they saw a large forest on a high cliff (悬崖) from a distance.__5

there must be many different kinds of plants, they couldn’t find a way to the cliff.__6__(sudden), they saw some monkeys climbing along the vines and trees hanging down from the cliff. Shennong was inspired by the scene. He asked his followers to cut down the tree trunks and vines. Together they built a scaffold(脚手架). With its help, they climbed to the cliff and collected many__7__(value) plants.

Each time the team found a new type of plant, Shennong would taste it__8

(he). Some plants made him sleepy. Some caused him to suffer pains in his stomach. Some made him tremble(颤抖) all over.__9 searching and testing over a long period of time, he and his followers managed to discover hundreds of medicinal plants.

One day, Shennong tested a poisonous plant by mistake, and passed away later. People covered him with thousands of flowers. From then on, Shennong__10__(call) the “Emperor of Medicine”.

答案:1.an 2. death 3. to find 4. set 5. Although / Though 6. Suddenly 7. valuable 8. himself 9. After / By 10. was called / has been called

总之,要做好语篇填空题,理解短文是解题的前提,扎实的词汇、句型和语法知识是基础,英语国家背景知识是必要的补充。对于初中学生来说,及时快速地掌握语篇填空这种题型的解题方法与技巧是很重要的。因此在现阶段的英语学习中就应该做到学以致用,并根据考点进行分析归纳,总结经验,以便在实践中取得好成绩。