【摘要】 目的:探讨不同肠内营养支持时机对脓毒症机械通气患者辅助性T细胞17/调节性T淋巴细胞(Th17/Treg)比值及临床预后的影响。方法:选择九江学院附属医院2022年8月—2023年12月收住ICU的62例确诊脓毒症行机械通气治疗的患者,随机分为早期组(n=31)及常规组(n=31)。早期组则在入院24 h内给予营养支持,常规组在入院48~72 h给予营养支持。入院时及治疗7 d后分别检测两组白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、Th17、Treg水平,计算Th17/Treg比值,同时计算两组治疗前后急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)及机械通气时间。结果:早期组治疗7 d后IL-6、Th17水平、Th17/Treg比值均显著低于常规组(P<0.05),而治疗7 d后两组IL-10水平及Treg水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);临床指标比较,治疗7 d后,早期组白蛋白(ALB)及前蛋白(PA)水平均明显高于常规组,降钙素原(PCT)水平明显低于常规组,早期组机械通气时间短于常规组,APACHEⅡ评分明显低于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:对于脓毒症机械通气患者血流动力学稳定情况下,早期给予适量肠内营养支持可以降低T淋巴细胞Th17/Treg比值,减轻脓毒症患者的炎症反应,提高患者的治疗效果。
【关键词】 早期营养支持 脓毒症 机械通气 Th17/Treg比值
Effect of Different Timing of Enteral Nutritional Support on T-lymphocyte Th17/Treg Ratio and Clinical Prognosis in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with Sepsis/YANG Huiwen, YU Qiuping, YE Xingwen, LUO Yang, LIU Song, ZHAO Xin. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(19): -169
[Abstract] Objective: To explore the effects of different timing of enteral nutritional support on T-lymphocyte Th17/Treg ratio and clinical prognosis in mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis. Method: Sixty-two patients admitted to the ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang College with a confirmed diagnosis of sepsis undergoing mechanical ventilation between August 2022 and December 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the early group (n=31) as well as the conventional group (n=31). In the early group, nutritional support was given within 24 h of admission, while in the conventional group, nutritional support was given within 48-72 h of admission. Interleukin (IL-6), interleukin (IL-10), Th17 and Treg levels were measured at admission and after 7 days of treatment, and the Th17/Treg ratio was calculated, as well as the acute physiology and chronic health score (APACHEⅡ score) before and after treatment and the duration of mechanical ventilation in the two groups. Result: After 7 days of treatment, the IL-6, Th17 level, Th17/Treg ratio of the early group were significantly lower than those of the conventional group (P<0.05), whereas there were no significant differences in the IL-10 level and the Treg level of the two groups after 7 days of treatment (P>0.05); for comparison of clinical indicators, after 7 days of treatment, the albumin (ALB) and preprotein (PA) levels of the early group were significantly higher than those of the conventional group, and the PCT level of the early group was significantly lower than that of the conventional group, the mechanical ventilation time of the early group was significantly shorter than that of the conventional group, and APACHEⅡ score of the early group was significantly lower than that of the conventional group, the differences were statistical significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: In the case of hemodynamic stabilization of mechanically ventilated patients with sepsis, early administration of appropriate amount of enteral nutritional support can reduce the T-lymphocyte Th17/Treg ratio, attenuate the inflammatory response of patients with sepsis, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of patients.
[Key words] Early nutritional support Sepsis Mechanical ventilation Th17/Treg ratio
First-author's address: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang College, Jiujiang 322000, China
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.19.038
脓毒症是患者发生感染后导致的严重并发症,也是重症监护病房(ICU)患者主要的死亡原因 [1]。目前研究公认,脓毒症是由于对感染的免疫反应过度,导致炎症因子过度释放,引起组织器官功能受损,其中辅助性T淋巴细胞发挥了关键的作用[2-4]。助性T细胞17/调节性T淋巴细胞(Th17/Treg)的比例失衡已被证实与脓毒症和各种炎症性疾病有关[5-7],脓毒症患者外周血Th17细胞和白介素-17(IL-17)水平升高,Treg细胞和白介素-10(IL-10)水平降低,表明其机体存在明显的免疫紊乱反应。因此,改善Th17/Treg比例的失衡可能为治疗脓毒症提供一种有价值的治疗方法。指南提出,肠内营养支持(EN)是脓毒症机械通气患者不可或缺的治疗手段之一[8]。研究认为,EN可以很好地改善脓毒症机械通气患者早期免疫失衡,抑制急性期过激的炎症反应[9]。目前,关于早期营养治疗与危重患者住院时间、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间等之间关系的研究较多,但其改善免疫失衡的调节机制研究甚少,因此笔者旨在通过对脓毒症机械通气患者早期给予营养支持,探讨营养治疗改善脓毒症免疫失衡的潜在机制,从而进一步提高脓毒症患者的临床治疗效果。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2022年8月—2023年12月收住ICU的62例脓毒症并实行机械通气治疗的患者,脓毒症的诊断标准参照文献[10]Sepsis 3.0,即感染后序贯性器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA评分)急性增加≥2分。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁且<80岁;(2)脓毒症行气管插管及机械通气;(3)在ICU接受1周及以上肠内营养;(4)基础疾病包括重症肺炎、重症腹腔感染、重症泌尿系感染、全身皮肤及软组织严重感染等。排除标准:(1)消化系统严重溃疡、出血、穿孔、梗阻等;(2)腹腔筋膜间室综合征(腹内压>20 mmHg);(3)入院时血流动力学不稳定需血管活性药物维持;(4)患有恶性肿瘤及严重恶液质;(5)长期服用免疫抑制剂、存在免疫功能异常。根据随机数字表法随机分为早期组(n=31)和常规组(n=31)。本研究经九江学院附属医院医学伦理委员会批准,患者或者患者家属知情同意本研究。
1.2 方法
两组患者入院后均给予气管插管呼吸机辅助呼吸,同时遵照拯救脓毒症运动指南给予脓毒症标准治疗措施。两组患者入院后均置入鼻胃管或鼻空肠管,早期组为入院24 h内给予肠内营养支持,常规组则在入院48~72 h给予。先给予短肽类肠内营养混悬液[生产厂家:百普力,纽迪希亚(无锡)有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H20010285,规格:500 mL/瓶],采用等氮、等热量、由少再多的原则给予肠内营养治疗。营养液输注方式采用文献[6]方案,采用输液泵连续性输注方式,开始速度为5~10 mL/h,每隔12 h左右评估患者的耐受情况,若无明显不耐受情况,则逐渐加量以42~63 mL/h的速度至目标喂养量,目标喂养量为20~25 kcal/(kg·d)。在喂养过程中如患者出现不耐受情况(腹胀、腹泻、胃潴留等)时,应及时评估并采取减慢输注速度、稀释浓度、更换蛋白剂型等方法,避免突然中断肠内营养。
1.3 观察指标及评价标准
两组均在入院时及治疗7 d后分别抽取5 mL静脉血采用ELISA法检测两组患者白介素-6(IL-6)、IL-10细胞因子水平,采用流式细胞仪检测Th17、Treg水平,计算Th17/Treg比值;统计两组治疗前后急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ评分)变化情况(由急性生理评分、年龄评分、慢性健康评分三部分组成,分值范围0~71分,评分越高提示预后越差);自动生化仪检测入院时及治疗7 d后两组生化营养指标[血清白蛋白(ALB)、血清前蛋白(PA)]、降钙素原(PCT)水平等指标。同时统计两组患者机械通气时间。
1.4 统计学处理
两组所有实验数据均采用SPSS 26.0专业统计软件进行处理,计量资料用(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验。计数资料用率(%)表示,采用字2检验,以P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组基线资料比较
两组年龄、男女性别比、体重、病因构成比例及入院时APACHEⅡ评分、快速SOFA评分(qSOFA评分)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。
2.2 两组T淋巴细胞因子及TH17/Treg比值比较
治疗前两组IL-6、IL-10、Th17、Treg水平及Th17/Treg比值比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗7 d后,早期组IL-6水平、Th17水平均显著低于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),而IL-10水平、Treg水平差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);Th17/Treg比值比较,早期组明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
2.3 两组生化营养指标及炎症指标比较
治疗7 d后,早期组ALB、PA水平均显著高于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);早期组PCT水平明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
2.4 两组APACHEⅡ评分及机械通气时间比较
治疗7 d后,早期组APACHEⅡ评分显著低于常规组,机械通气时间短于常规组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),见表4。
3 讨论
针对脓毒症临床治疗,尽管脓毒症国际指南不断更新一系列综合措施和理念,但脓毒症的总体死亡率仍然维持在很高水平,也是ICU患者死亡的主要原因[11-12]。研究表明,免疫紊乱在脓毒症的病理生理过程中起着至关重要的作用,而这些紊乱在脓毒症的早期与T淋巴细胞密切相关,尤其是Th17和Treg细胞是这种失调的主要介质[13]。成熟的Th17细胞主要通过分泌促炎因子IL-17和IL-6引起促炎反应,而Treg细胞通过分泌抑炎因子TGF-β和IL-10发挥抗炎作用。Li等[14]发现脓毒症患者Th17/Treg比值降低,Wu等[15]发现Th17分化程度越高,脓毒症患者死亡率越低。因此,T淋巴细胞Th17/Treg比值失衡被认为是脓毒症的重要发病机制[16]。
机械通气脓毒症患者可能因缺血缺氧导致肠黏膜屏障损伤,引起肠道细菌和内毒素易位,从而诱发炎症反应和免疫失衡,加重病情[17]。EN,特别是早期肠内营养(EEN)作为治疗脓毒症的重要措施,可以促进肠黏膜修复,稳定肠道菌群,改善患者的胃肠和免疫功能,调节危重患者的炎症反应,预防肠源性感染[18]。然而,营养治疗的确切机制目前仍不清楚。在笔者的研究中表明,早期组治疗7 d后细胞因子IL-6水平、Th17水平均明显低于常规组(P<0.05),Th17/Treg比值也呈现相同的结果,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而治疗7 d后IL-10水平及Treg水平则无统计学差异(P>0.05),这表明早期给予脓毒症机械通气患者营养支持抑制了促炎因子Th17及IL-6水平,但没有改变抑炎因子IL-10和Treg水平。因此,笔者认为,脓毒症患者早期营养治疗可能是通过抑制机体Th17、IL-6水平从而达到改善Th17/Treg比值平衡,这可能是早期营养治疗可以改善脓毒症机械通气患者治疗效果的潜在机制。另外,治疗7 d后,早期组ALB及PA水平均显著高于常规组,早期组PCT、APACHEⅡ评分及机械通气时间明显优于常规组(P<0.05),也说明早期给予脓毒症机械通气患者营养支持确实可以改善患者营养状况,抑制炎症反应,提高临床治疗效果。
当然,由于受样本量及病源结构等限制,研究中也存在不足之处,例如,未对患者28 d死亡率做出随访统计等。笔者期待可以在未来的研究中,更多样本量、更多研究内容进一步探讨营养支持时机、品种、剂量等对脓毒症机械通气患者的治疗机制。
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(收稿日期:2024-05-06) (本文编辑:何玉勤)