摘 要:掌握了閱读文本的文体特征,就可以从宏观上把握文章,而词法与句法属于微观层面。因此,笔者认为各类文体的特征是学生必须掌握的知识之一。许多阅读材料都具有较明显的文体特征,只有掌握各类文体的基础知识,阅读学习才有方向和方法。
关键词:文体特征;记叙文六要素;说明文;议论文
作者简介:陈丽煌,泉州师范学院附属鹏峰中学。
在2017年以前,福建省的中考是各地市设计出题,难易程度参差不齐,分数高低也不均。有些英语题目相对比较简单,因此学生往往“揣着”较高分数进入高中学习。但是,许多教授高一新生的教师总是有很多疑惑,如为何中考英语130多分的学生,高中英语考试却会不及格。这个奇怪的现象从试卷的试题难易程度着手分析后发现了原因。高中阶段的英语教师查阅中考卷后发现:学生只要认真扎实地读读背背,成绩就基本不差。但是随着省考的深入,福建省的英语难度一再增加,体现在细节题比例变少、主旨大意题增多。具体实例分析如下图。
综上,学生常在主旨大意题、推理判断题上失分。在小学语文学科教学的启迪下,笔者引导学生通过分析文本结构解题,效果显著。
中考常考的文体有应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文。应用文可以采用平常上课的阅读技巧,如用细节题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、指代题等来解题。福建中考记叙文、说明文较多,本文主要讲解,而议论文较简单,本文略讲。笔者首先分析记叙文。
一、记叙文
(一)什么是记叙文
中英文体是一致的。记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来,描绘事物和人物情景状态、过程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等,都属于记叙文的范畴。
(二)记叙文主线
记叙文一般含有两条线,一条是事件发展的顺序,即明线;另一条是情感暗线。事件发展的顺序比较容易获取,一般为时间顺序和事件发展的顺序,但是暗线就有难度了,因此教师要训练学生如何根据事件这条明线找到情感暗线。暗线是如何发展的?一般都有依据,最常见的是依据主人公的动作来判断,由一个动作到另一个动作的转变预示着主人公的情感变化,英语中常常有些过渡词,比如but、however等。这个突破口就是推理判断能力的依据。
(三)记叙文的六要素
记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节,包括记叙文的六要素(what、who、when、where、why、how)。因此在作答细节题时,一般只需要由前到后、从上到下,一题一题地做就可以。而找到了“why”与“how”,也就能解决英语中的推理判断题。
(四)记叙文的“精华”
记叙文最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟,这是记叙文的精华所在,也是阅读的难点所在,可谓“一篇之妙,在于落句”。这里也常出英语中的主旨大意题,所以只要懂得方法,这2分也“唾手可得”。
在教学“A Story of a French Student”时,笔者安排先解决阅读障碍(单词词组句子,编写短文巩固基础),再根据课文事件发展的顺序把打乱的句子排序(获取文中大意),再判断文体,找到中心句和六要素,再改变课文为完形填空,最后做文体、结构、中心类似的中考质检题,从中体会技巧,布置相应北京中考题。主要环节如下:
Step2. Reading (33mins)
Task 1: Guess the meanings of new words and expression and sentences. (5mins)
Fill in the blanks with the correct words.
waitress, magazine, rooster, wife ,chick
There are so many chickens living on a farm . They are brave enough to explore the world .So the ______['ru?st?r] took his _____ ——the hen and his babies ——______on holiday. They are in a restaurant to read _________ smilingly .The _______ ['we?tr?s ] is so surprised to find that they are not eating worms but hamburgers.
Task 2 :Put the following sentences into the correct order according to the passage. (5mins)
A. “Bring me two eggs and a cup of tea , please.”
B. He sat back with a smile on his face.
C. Then he saw a magazine on the table next to him.
D. A French student went to London on vacation.
E. He looked around , but nobody was eating eggs .
F. One morning , he went to a restaurant .
Task 3: Scan the text and know the specific information of the passage . (6mins)
Fill in the blanks and choose the best answer .
When: _________ Why: _________
Where: _________ What: _________
Who: _________ How: _________
Task 4: Analyse the covert plot in a narrative to do the inference question . (10mins)
1. Where did the French student go on vacation?
A. London. B. New York. C. Paris. D. Beijing .
2. What did the French student want to have in the restaurant?
A. Some fish and a cup of tea. B. Two eggs and a cup of tea.
C. Some chicken and a cup of tea . D. Two eggs and a glass of milk.
3. The student didn't know the word “egg” because _____ .
A. he didn't like the egg B. he is a Frenchman
C. he hates English D. he knows a little English
4.What is the student's attitude towards the whole thing ?
A. Moved. B. Indifferent. C. Satisfied. D. Regretful.
5.What is the main idea of the text?
A. A French student solved the word “egg ” cleverly.
B. A French student learnt English.
C. A French student went to a restaurant .
D. A French student ordered a meal.
Task 5: Do the cloze adapted from the passage. (5mins)
Task6: Summarize the passage (2mins)
二、说明文
不论是中考还是高考,在阅读理解中说明文是考生较头疼的文体,其在试卷中所占的比例也较多,2018福建英语中考题阅读理解C(出生顺序)、D(母亲节的起源)皆为说明文,2019福建英语中考题阅读理解D(第一印象)、E(献血流程与条件)也皆为说明文。考生在说明文中的主旨大意题、推断题失分较为严重。在教学中,笔者发现掌握了说明文的文体特征和结构能很好的帮助考生解题。
对科普知识、动植物特征、自然现象、新产品、新工艺、新发明发现、人文地理、风土人情、逸闻趣事等的介绍都属于说明文。其可分为事理说明文和事物說明文。说明文的关键是明对象、梳脉络、定说明方法。
说明的对象包括说明的事物和被解说的事理。梳脉络就是分析文章的结构,说明文的结构往往是“总-分,分-总,总-分-总”。英语阅读理解的说明文结构常为“what(说明对象)- why (为什么)-how(有什么影响)”。说明方法与语文相似,如作比较、列数字、举例子等。
在教学 English Around the World(Ⅱ)时,笔者先解决阅读障碍(猜测文章单词词组句子意思),概括段落大意找到主题句,表格细节理解,通过改编课本情景剧让学生复述课文,总结文章结构,深层次阅读,并通过中考题目巩固,最后改编课文为五选五。主要环节如下:
Step2. Reading (33mins)
Task 1: Guess the meanings of new words and expression and sentences. (5mins)
Britain, powerful, leading, position, take the leading position;
in the nineteenth century, be required to do sth.,be regarded as;
China, a country with the largest population in the world , has encouraged more people to learn English since the 1970s.
Task 2: Match the main idea of every paragraph and get the main idea of the passage. (5mins)
Para. 1 Why has English become widely used around the world.
Para. 2 The reason why English becomes much more important.
Para. 3 China has encouraged more people to learn English.
Para. 4 The study of English is considered to be important.
Task 3 :Scan the text and know the specific information of the passage . (6mins)
Why has English become so popular?
In the 19th century
Great Britain _________________
English became _______________
Since the 1950s
The Internet __________________
Since the 1970s
China _______________________
Now
The study of English__________
Task 4: Consolidation
1.Ask some students to act every paragraph out and let the others retell the passage .
2.What: English has become widely used around the world .
Why: Great Britain became a powerful country.
The development of the computer and the Internet.
How: China has encouraged more people to learn English.
The study of English is considered to be important.
What is the writer's attitude towards English learning ?
A. Negative. B. Positive. C. Indifferent (漠不關心的).
三、议论文
(一)什么是议论文
议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论,从而表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。英语的议论文往往在第一段抛出问题,展开多角度的讨论,经常用“but、however”,分成两组观点,用专家学者等言论作为论据,以加强论证的科学性和严谨性。
(二)议论文结构
议论文有着自己的语言,结构也显而易见。故可以从文章结构入手让学生理清议论文脉络,如此解题就迎难而解了。
在教学“Entertainment and Friendship”Topic1“I would rather watch sports shows than those ones”Section D 时,笔者先引导学生找出每段主题句,再分析文章结构,找到文章中心,分析议论文结构,之后分析2019福建中考C篇,最后组织写作文(上网课利弊):新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19 /Novel Coronavirus pneumonia)改变了我们传统的学习模式,请你根据下表提示,谈谈在家上网课的利弊,并谈谈你自己上网课的酸甜苦辣。(不少于80词)
参考词汇:attend classes online(上网课);motivation to study(学习动机)。
总之,掌握了阅读理解的文体特征,学生就能在宏观上较好地把握文章,清楚题目的特点,其他就是微观上的词法、句法、知识点学习了。因此笔者认为各类文体的特征就是必须掌握的知识,许多阅读材料一般都有较明显的文体特征,只有掌握了各类文体的基础知识,答题才会有较为准确的方向、方法以及解题技巧。
参考文献:
[1]教育部.义务教育英语课程标准(2022年版)[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2022.