官敏 李嘉妮 高银杰 李浩 王孝平 汤善宏
摘要:
目的 分析血脂指標在慢加急性肝衰竭前期(pre-ACLF)和慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)组间的差异,并探讨患者进展的危险因素。 方法 回顾性分析西部战区总医院2012年1月—2020年12月ACLF组(n=118)和pre-ACLF组(n=44)患者的基线年龄、白蛋白、肌酐、血常规、血脂等指标。计量资料服从正态分布的两组间比较采用成组t检验;计量资料不服从正态分布的两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。通过Logistic二元回归进行多因素分析,筛选独立预测因素。使用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)比较指标的敏感度和特异度,通过约登指数计算临界值。结果 比较两组间年龄、肌酐、白蛋白、TBil、INR、ALT、AST、TG、TC、HDL、LDL、WBC和中性粒细胞计数水平的差异,发现ACLF组患者的TC[2.02(1.56~2.37) mmol/L vs 3.01(2.57~3.66) mmol/L ,Z=5.411,P<0.001]、HDL[0.40(0.25~0.49) mmol/L vs 0.62(0.47~0.75) mmol/L ,Z=4.781,P<0.001]、LDL[1.52(1.22~1.84) mmol/L vs 1.93(1.49~2.36) mmol/L ,Z=3.146,P=0.002]水平显著低于pre-ACLF组,ACLF组患者的TBil[352.13(284.32~451.19) μmol/L vs 135.80(112.80~154.68) μmol/L,Z=-9.775,P<0.001]、INR[1.96(1.71~2.51)vs 1.39(1.33~1.44),Z=-9.776,P<0.001]、WBC[6.74(5.07~9.19)×109/L vs 5.04(4.13~7.09)×109/L,Z=-3.985,P<0.001]、中性粒细胞水平[4.67(3.40~7.06)×109/L vs 3.30(2.72~5.01)×109/L,Z=-3.676,P<0.001]显著高于pre-ACLF组,两组间年龄、肌酐、白蛋白、ALT、AST和TG水平无显著差异(P值均>0.05)。进一步通过Logistic回归分析发现TC(OR=0.003,95%CI:0.000~0.068)、LDL(OR=61.901,95%CI:3.354~1 142.558)、WBC(OR=3.175,95%CI:1.097~9.185)具有独立预测价值(P值均<0.05),ROC结果显示TC的AUC为0.852,LDL敏感度为0.887,TC特异度为0.840。结论 血脂指标在pre-ACLF进展到ACLF过程中下降,提示临床医师需要关注pre-ACLF阶段脂质的变化,并及时调整营养方案。
关键词:
慢加急性肝功能衰竭; 胆固醇; 脂蛋白类, LDL
基金项目:四川省卫生健康委员会科研课题(20PJ180); 中央高校基本科研业务费(2682021ZTPY022)
Value of blood lipid parameters in predicting the progression of HBV-related acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure
GUAN Min1,2, LI Jiani1,2, GAO Yinjie3, LI Hao2, WANG Xiaoping4, TANG Shanhong1,2. (1. Medical School of Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China; 2. Department of Gastroenterology, The General hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu 610083, China; 3. Department of Liver Disease, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; 4. Department of Gastroenterology, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629018, China)
Corresponding author:
TANG Shanhong, shanhongtang@163.com (ORCID:0000-0001-6652-2942)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the difference in blood lipid parameters between acute-on-chronic pre-liver failure (pre-ACLF) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and the risk factors for disease progression. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the related data of 118 patients with ACLF (ACLF group) and 44 patients with pre-ACLF (pre-ACLF group) who were treated in The General Hospital of Western Theater Command from January 2012 to December 2020, including baseline age, albumin, creatinine, routine blood test results, and blood lipids. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison between normally distributed continuous data; and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between non-normally distributed continuous data; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. A binary logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate analysis to identify independent predictive factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to compare the sensitivity and specificity of related indicators, and Youden index was used to calculate cut-off values. Results Compared with the pre-ACLF group, the ACLF group had significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC)[2.02(1.56-2.37) mmol/L vs 3.01(2.57-3.66) mmol/L, Z=5.411, P<0.001], high-density lipoprotein [0.40(0.25-0.49) mmol/L vs 0.62(0.47-0.75) mmol/L, Z=4.781, P<0.001], and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) [1.52(1.22-1.84) mmol/L vs 1.93(1.49-2.36) mmol/L, Z=3.146, P=0.002] and significantly higher levels of total bilirubin [352.13(284.32-451.19) μmol/L vs 135.80(112.80-154.68) μmol/L, Z=-9.775, P<0.001], international normalized ratio [1.96(1.71-2.51) vs 1.39(1.33-1.44), Z=-9.776, P<0.001], white blood cell count (WBC) [6.74(5.07-9.19)×109/L vs 5.04(4.13-7.09)×109/L, Z=-3.985, P<0.001], and neutrophils [4.67(3.40-7.06)×109/L vs 3.30(2.72-5.01)×109/L, Z=-3.676, P<0.001], while there were no significant differences between the two groups in age, creatinine, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and triglyceride (all P>0.05). The logistic regression analysis showed that TC (odds ratio [OR]=0.003, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.000-0.068, P<0.05), LDL (OR=61.901, 95%CI: 3.354-1142.558, P<0.05), and WBC (OR=3.175, 95%CI: 1.097-9.185, P<0.05) had an independent predictive value, and the ROC analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve of TC was 0.852, the sensitivity of LDL was 0.887, and TC had the best specificity of TC was 0.840. Conclusion There are reductions in blood lipid parameters in the progression from pre-ACLF to ACLF, suggesting that clinicians should pay attention to the changes in lipids in the pre-ACLF stage and adjust the nutritional regimen in a timely manner.
Key words:
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure; Cholesterol; Lipoproteins, LDL
Research funding:Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Health Commission(20PJ180); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2682021ZTPY022)
脂质具有多种代谢和非代谢功能,可代表一种有效的能量底物:产生 ATP 并参与维生素、激素、胆汁盐、类花生酸和细胞膜的合成,还可作为关键的炎症和抗炎分子参与细胞信号传导的调节[1-2],脂质吸收减少将导致机体能量不足,并导致慢性肝病患者营养不良[3]。研究[4]发现,内源性生物活性脂质在慢加急性肝衰竭(ACLF)中具有重要作用,并认为通过脂质的免疫途径治疗在肝衰竭中具有良好前景。脂质组学分析[5]发现溶血磷脂酰胆碱和胆固醇酯在乙型肝炎相关ACLF的早期预测、生物学诊断和预测6个月病死率等方面具有重要价值。上述研究表明,脂质指标在ACLF相关研究中具有巨大潜力。ACLF前期(pre-ACLF)作为乙型肝炎急性加重进展到ACLF的关键时期,对该阶段进行有效防治可以延缓甚至是阻止疾病进展,但由于国内外对pre-ACLF认知存在差异,目前尚缺乏pre-ACLF阶段的相关研究。鉴于脂质指标在评估营养状态和ACLF预后中的重要价值,本研究对pre-ACLF和ACLF组间脂质水平变化进行探索,以便指导临床及时关注pre-ACLF患者营养状态。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象 选取2012年1月—2020年12月西部战区总医院收治的肝衰竭患者,根据《肝衰竭诊治指南(2018年版)》[6]篩选pre-ACLF组和ACLF组。
1.2 纳入和排除标准 纳入标准:pre-ACLF组(1)极度乏力,并有明显厌食、呕吐和腹胀等严重消化道症状;(2)ALT和/或AST大幅升高,黄疸进行性加深(85.5 μmol/L≤TBil<171 μmol/L)或每日上升≥17.1 μmol/L;(3)有出血倾向,40%<PTA≤50%(INR<1.5);(4)HBsAg(+)或乙型肝炎病史。ACLF组(1)极度乏力,并有明显厌食、呕吐和腹胀等严重消化道症状;(2)ALT和/或AST大幅升高,黄疸进行性加深(TBil≥171 μmol/L)或每日上升≥17.1 μmol/L;(3)有出血倾向,PTA≤40%(INR≥1.5);(4)HBsAg(+)或乙型肝炎病史。排除标准:(1)合并HAV/HCV/HDV/HEV、EB、梅毒、HIV等病毒感染;(2)合并自身免疫性疾病、药物性肝损伤、寄生虫感染等;(3)怀孕或妊娠;(4)合并严重肝外疾病,如布-加综合征等;(5)合并恶性肿瘤或疑似恶性肿瘤;(6)年龄<18岁或>80岁。
1.3 临床资料收集 收集所有患者入院时的临床资料和信息:人口学统计学资料,实验室检查,以及基础疾病情况。期间患者均予以对症处理,包括抗病毒、保肝、人工肝等对症支持治疗。
1.4 统计学方法 使用SPSS 26.0进行分析,计量资料服从正态分布的以x±s表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验;计量资料不服从正态分布的以M(P25~P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。通过Logistic二元回归进行多因素分析,筛选独立预测因素。使用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)评估相关指标的预测效能,并计算指标的临界值、敏感度和特异度,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 一般资料 共纳入162例患者,其中83.95%为男性(136/162),16.05%为女性(26/162),平均入组年龄为(45.81±12.16)岁,平均入院天数为(19.59±16.22) d,所有患者按照分期标准被分为pre-ACLF组(44/162,27.16%)和ACLF组(118/162,72.84%),其中pre-ACLF组中有4例(9.09%,4/44)在28 d内进展为ACLF。TBil、INR、TC、HDL、LDL、WBC、中性粒细胞计数水平在pre-ACLF组和ACLF组间的差异具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);两组间的年龄、肌酐、白蛋白、ALT、AST、TG的差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)(表1)。
2.2 相关指标在pre-ACLF组和ACLF组间的价值分析 进一步通过多因素分析发现TC、LDL和WBC水平在两组间的差异具有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表2),LDL和WBC是pre-ACLF进展的危险因素,TC是疾病进展的保护因素。其中TC的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.852,LDL敏感度为0.887,TC特异度为0.840(表3、图1)。
3 讨论
营养不良在慢性肝病患者中十分常见,并在肝衰竭进展过程中逐渐加重,其中脂质吸收减少被认为是导致慢性肝病患者营养不良的主要因素之一[3],脂质作为人体需要的重要营养素,在供给人体能量方面起着重要作用,Meng等[7]通过研究也发现ACLF预后不良与患者营养不良和能量代谢异常有关,因此建议临床医师对ACLF患者实行个体化营养策略,但目前缺乏对pre-ACLF进展阶段脂质等营养指标的相关研究,临床医师也并未关注pre-ACLF阶段患者营养和能量情况,同时鉴于我国乙型肝炎病因下ACLF主要集中于肝损伤等现状[8],以及脂质指标在反映肝脏合成功能、患者营养状态以及影响炎症反应等各方面的作用[9],本研究对pre-ACLF进展到ACLF阶段的血脂指标进行了探索。
本研究通过Logistic多因素回归分析发现pre-ACLF和ACLF组间TC和LDL水平的差异具有统计学意义。现将这些指标分析如下。(1)TC:第一,TC水平下降原因,pre-ACLF进展到ACLF阶段时,肝细胞大量坏死、凋亡而呈现出亚大块坏死等病理表现[10],具备正常合成功能的肝细胞数量较少,导致TC水平降低;TC的代谢产物总胆汁酸因肝脏受损不能正常代谢,从而导致脂类物质消化吸收减少,进而导致TC水平降低[11]。第二,TC反映pre-ACLF患者病情进展,TC在人体内主要由肝细胞合成,故其可一定程度上反映肝脏合成能力,此外由于TC与机体能量代谢之间相关[12],故目前也常将TC视作患者营养状态的预测指标[13]。既往研究[11,14]显示营养不良与ACLF患者预后不良相关,其中低水平TC(TC≤2.0 mmol/L)除与肝衰竭预后不良相关外,与肝衰竭患者并发症的发生也相关。此外研究[15]也发现充足的TC能为肝再生提供能量,因此临床上需要及时关注pre-ACLF患者营养状态,根据TC水平及时调整营养方案,并制订个性化营养策略,以便满足患者肝再生的营养需求,进而降低pre-ACLF到ACLF的转化率。(2)LDL:第一,LDL水平下降原因,造成pre-ACLF进展到ACLF过程中LDL水平下降的原因可能与肝病时TC合成减少,LDL运载内源性胆固醇需求功能降低,进而造成LDL水平降低有关,也可能与卵磷脂胆固醇酰基转移酶的损害有关[16]。第二,LDL反应pre-ACLF病情进展,本研究发现LDL水平下降可作为pre-ACLF病情进展的标志,Xiao等[17]通过研究发现血清LDL-C水平降低可作为HBV相关ACLF患者生存的独立危险因素,同时Kawamoto等[18]发现LDL水平的恢复可反应肝切除术后肝再生早期肝功能的恢复,这都表明LDL在肝病预后中的重要价值。总之,血脂指标在预测pre-ACLF进展和ACLF预后中具有重要作用,这提示临床医生不仅需要关注ACLF病程中炎症反应、肝损伤和器官衰竭等情况,也需要关注个体的营养状况,以期降低pre-ACLF到ACLF的转化率,进而改善ACLF患者预后不佳的现状。
前文提到脂质指标可作为关键的炎症和抗炎分子参与细胞信号传导的调节,目前研究发现脂质(尤其是HDL)对减轻炎症反应具有重要作用,主要的作用机制有:HDL可通过从细胞中清除胆固醇和其他脂质物质来调节细胞膜上的胆固醇水平,并通过Toll样受体信号通路减少炎症受体信号传导[19];HDL还可通过中和细菌脂多糖等内毒素,并促进产物排泄减轻肝病患者炎症反应[20]。本研究通过进一步探索炎症指标在pre-ACLF进展中的价值发现WBC的独立预测作用,但受限于本研究样本量小,本研究并未得出HDL的独立价值,但对比发现ACLF组的HDL水平较pre-ACLF低,既往研究也发现HDL-C是影响HBV-ACLF短期预后的独立影响因素[21],因此未来可以继续扩大样本探索HDL联合炎症指标在pre-ACLF中的价值,并进一步探索脂质在ACLF中炎症反应中的作用,同时关注及时补充HDL等与炎症作用关系明确的脂质在改善ACLF进展及预后中的作用。
由于样本量较少,本研究仅对符合标准的pre-ACLF和ACLF患者群进行探索,pre-ACLF直接进展到ACLF的患者群由于样本量太少并未得出相关差异,因此未来可扩大样本量或进行前瞻性的临床试验,观察血脂指标在pre-ACLF动态进展过程中的变化。综上,脂质在肝病的进展和预后中发挥重要作用,其与炎症、再生之间关系紧密,因此临床上需要密切关注pre-ACLF和ACLF阶段中脂质指标的变化,并根据患者自身营养状态制订个体化营养策略,为患者提供充足的营养支持。
伦理学声明:本研究方案于2020年7月9日经西部战区总医院伦理委员会审批,批号:2020ky005。
利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。
作者贡献声明:官敏参与数据收集,数据分析,文章撰写;李嘉妮、高银杰负责拟定写作思路,论文修改;李浩、王孝平负责数据分析;汤善宏负责拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章与最后定稿。
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收稿日期:
2022-10-15;录用日期:2022-11-25
本文编辑:王亚南
引证本文:
GUAN M, LI JN, GAO YJ, et al.
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