陆娇
在“双减”政策下,为了切实减轻学生过重的作业负担,我们要在作业设计和批阅方面多下功夫。在作业设计方面,我们要想方设法减少数量,提高质量。“减负提质”是我们所要达到的目标,那种只一味地强调“减负”,而不讲究质量的做法,显然也是片面的。在初中英语教学中,我们在阅读和写作高质量作业设计方面作了一些探索,供初中英语教学同仁和研究专家批评指正。
一、英语阅读作业设计的内容与形式
学生学习英语,只阅读教材中的课文是远远不够的,必须向课外延伸、拓展,真正提高英语的阅读能力。
1. 英语阅读作业的内容
学生英语阅读作业的材料,可以是教师选定的,或印刷给学生,或通过多媒体发送给学生;也可以由学生自由地选择阅读。最好将这两种形式有机地结合起来。教师选定的英语阅读作业,一定要结合本单元或本课学习的内容,尤其要突出学习的重点、难点。
2. 常见的阅读作业形式
英语阅读作业设计的形式很多,其中常用的形式主要为如下几种:(1)正误判断。(2)单项选择:即文章后提一个问题,要求从多个选项(一般4个)中选择最适当的一个。(3)完形填空:根据短文内容填词(有时给出该词的第一个字母),要求复原残缺的语言片段。一般的做法是,第一句或头两句是完整句,不去掉任何词。从第二、三句开始平均每隔9个词空一个。有时还给出所要填的单词的第一个字母作为提示。(4)完形填空与单项选择相结合,选择项中只有一个正确答案,其他是干扰项。
3. 阅读作业的内容和对应的问题类型
(1) 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意:回答主旨和大意,一般应重点阅读文章的第一段或最后一段、段首或段尾。这类问题的提问方式大致有以下几种:
What does the passage mainly discuss?
What is the subject / topic of the passage?
Which sentence best expresses the main idea?
The best title for this passage would be ______.
The passage deals primarily with ______.
Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
The main purpose of this passage is to ______.
It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
What is the authors main point?
With what topic is this passage primarily concerned?
The passage mainly deals with ______.
(2) 作業检测事实和细节:细节往往是为了说明或证实主旨或主要思想,根据不同的细节提出不同的问题。常见的问题类型有:
The author describes... as... ______.
According to the passage, it is... that ______.
...is characterized by ______.
...people have to admit that ______.
What influences... most in... is ______.
A chief factor in... (in the 19th century) is ______.
In the lst paragraph, ...refers to ______.
According to the passage, the best solution to... is ______.
According to the passage, the problem of... partly arises from...
______.
(3) 根据上下文判断某些词汇或短语的意义:这类题主要要求对文章中出现的某些词、词组或句子的意思做出判断。这种判断往往不能孤立地根据一个句子作出,必须根据这个句子的上下文来判断其确切含意。通常的提问方式有:
The word... (in line...) most probably means ______.
The expression... stands for ______.
The word... probably refers to ______.
The phrase... suggests ______.
From the passage, we can infer that the word... is ______.
According to the passage, what is ______.
By..., the writer (probably) means ______.
The author uses the phrase... to illustrate ______.
What does the author probably mean by... in paragraph...?
(4) 既理解个别句子的意义也理解上下文的逻辑关系:这种题型主要是检测学生辨别是非的能力。如:
Which of the following is FALSE?
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Which of the following does the author NOT express?
Which of the following is NOT included in...
The author advocates all of the following EXCEPT ______.
What do... mean when they say...?
The word “it” / “them” (in line..., para.4) most probably refers to ______.
The sentence (Line..., paragraph...) means that ______.
According to the passage, ... ______.
The first two sentences in the paragraph... tell us that ______.
From the... paragraph we know that ______.
The... resulted in ______.
In line..., paragraph..., ...means ______.
教师设计的英语阅读作业多为拓展型的,所以选材一定要与本单元或本课学习内容有某种方面的联系。学生自由阅读则是为了提高英语阅读能力,所以阅读材料的选择权在于学生自己,但教师也要给予适当的指导。
二、英语写作作业设计的内容与形式
英语写作是英语教学的难点,很多学生畏之如虎,不敢写,怕写不好。教师设计的英语写作作业要有指导性,要能够激发学生英语写作的内驱力,使学生想写并能写好。
1. 英语写作作业的内容设计
英语写作作业的内容设计可以不拘形式,让学生能够放下思想包袱大胆地去写。可以写生活中的所见、所感、所思,也可以对刚学习过的英语课文进行续写、改写、扩写。当然,也可以让学生按照教师提出的要求去进行英语写作训练。
2. 英语写作几种主要的设计方式
英语写作作业设计的形式与内容也很多,但主要是如下几种设计形式。(1)单句写作:在一定程度上检测语法、句型和词汇。(2)组句成章:比如将一篇短文的句子的顺序颠倒,让学生再恢复原序。让学生在左边的横线上用a、b、c、d,标出正确顺序;也可用多项选择的方式。(3)有指导的写作:例如,给学生一个故事,然后让他们变换人称改写故事。如果是说明文,可给出第一段,以下几段只给出一两句,让学生完成;要求根据第一段提出的各种观点,在下几段中进行合乎逻辑的发挥。
3. 英语写作作业的评分方法
写作评分主观性比较强。常用的方法有:(1)机械法:计算错误的地方,按点扣分。(2)印象法:一般三四人为宜,这叫多人评定法。(3)分析法:把作文肢解成几个项目,按项目赋分,最后累加。
由评分办法可见,提高写作水平的技巧主要有二,一是少出客观性错误,如字词、语法等;二是尽可能给老师留下好感,如立意新颖、行文流畅、句子优美、卷面整洁、书法漂亮等。
下面以具体实例说明评分档次:
为了把作文评分原则及标准更具体化,让学生做到心里有数,我们来看各档作文的样文。
要求:Women in the Modern World
1. Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today.
________________________________________________.
2. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well.
________________________________________________.
3. In spite of these changes, the liberation of women has not been completely realized.
________________________________________________.
例一 Women in the Modern World
Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. Long age women only did something in the kitchen or at home. Now many of them have serious jobs to serve for people. What men can do so can women.
With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. ...the liberation of women.
评分:2分。除起始句外,几乎一无是处;第二段起,放手胡写,词不达意,不知所云。
例二 Women in the Modern World
Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In today, many women have a work. They worked as well as men playing an important... They are equal to her husband. They have the right of speaking of idea... We also should realize. Women liberty are limited. For example, ...to change this condition. Im sure, the liberation of women would be increased.
評分:5分,基本切题,但语言功底差,存在大量语言错误。如: They lead other people country (不知所云);There are many women scientist slso. (scientist不加“s”也罢,但不知slso从何而来);They event new things event 想来是invent之笔误,等等。
英语写作的内容是丰富多彩的,其作业设计的形式也是多种多样的。教师要在教学中不断地总结、归纳、提炼,使英语写作作业的设计更加科学、更加合理,使学生完成英语写作作业不仅没有压力感,反而觉得有趣味,愿意写并且能够写好。
在“双减”政策下,我们在初中英语教学中对阅读和写作高质量作业设计还处于探索阶段。随着科学技术和信息技术的发展,英语阅读和写作高质量作业设计的形式也在不断地发展和变化。要想真正地既“减负”又“提质”,还有许多工作需要我们去做。我们相信,只要我们真正地重视了这个问题,又切实地付诸行动了,那么就一定能够达到目标。