张庆芳 张建
there be 句型虽然看似简单,但是若大家对此句型掌握得并不好,就会导致写作失分。下文就there be 句型及其变式的用法加以例析,希望能够帮助大家更好地掌握并准确使用这一句型,增加语言的地道性,提高写作水平。
一、什么是there be句型
there be句型在英语中表示“什么地方/ 时间存在什么事物/ 人”。在这种结构中,there 是引导词,be 后面的名词是主语,句子的结尾是地点/时间状语。这一句型其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词be 之后,there仅用作引导词,并无实际意义。常见的结构是:there be + 名词短语+ 地点/ 时间状语,例如:
There is a huge statue in the centre of the square.
广场中央有一个巨大的雕塑。
There will be a lecture at 8 o’ clock a.m. this Friday.
这周五早上八点有一个讲座。
二、there be 句型常见的四类错误
错误1:there be 结构与have(有)的混淆
在平时的写作中,不少学生经常把这两个表达混在一起,写成两者的结合体“there have/has/had...”, 例如:
There had a 5000-metre cross-country running race held by the Students’ Union last Sunday in our school.(×)
There was a 5000-metre cross-country running race held by the Students’ Union last Sunday in our school.(√)
上周日,我們学校有一场由学生会主办的5000 米越野比赛。
there be 句型和have 都是表示“有”的意思,两者不能同时使用。一般来说,there be 句型强调“存在”关系,强调“某地或某时有什么”;而have 强调“所属”关系,一般表示 “人”有某物,强调“某人有某物”。
例如:
There are 200 yuan in my wallet. (某地存在某物)
There will be a lecture this Friday.(某时有某个活动)
I have 200 yuan. (某人有某物)
错误2:there be 结构中的主谓一致
在平时的写作中,部分学生未注意到there be 句型中的主谓一致,例如:
There is various activities for students in this club. (×)
There are various activities for students in this club. (√)
这个俱乐部里有各种各样的学生活动。
There are a sofa and two desks in the room. (×)
There is a sofa and two desks in the room. (√)
房间里有一张沙发和两张桌子。
在there be 句型中,be 动词和后面的主语在数的方面要保持一致。如果后面的名词是可数名词的单数形式或不可数名词,be 动词就用单数;如果后面的名词是复数形式,be 动词就用复数。如果主语是由and 联结的两个或两个以上的名词,则be 动词与离它最近的那个名词保持一致,即遵循就近原则。
错误3:there be 结构中误用双谓语动词
学生在写作时,经常会出现一个句子中误用两个谓语动词的情况,例如:
Then there will be various fantastic performances play by talented students. (×)
然后有一些有天赋的学生表演各种精彩的节目。
There are a great many boys play football on the playground. (×)
有很多男生在操场上踢足球。
there be 句型中be 动词就是谓语动词,句子中不再出现其他的谓语动词,所以我们可以把句子的后半部分改成定语从句或者把后一个谓语动词改成非谓语动词。如下:
Then there will be various fantastic performances which/that will be played by talented students. (定语从句)
There are a great many boys who are playing football on the playground. (定语从句)
Then there will be various fantastic performances played by talented students. (非谓语动词)
There are a great many boys playing football on the playground. (非谓语动词)
综上所述,我们可以归纳出以下句式:
There be + 主语+ 定语从句/ 同位语从句
There be sb. doing sth. 表示某人在做某事
There be sth. (to be) done 表示某事(将要)被做
错误4:there be 结构中的时态问题
在平时的写作中,学生未能注意到there be 句型中的时态变化,常出现以下错误。例如:
There is a lecture in the school lecture hall at 4 o’clock p.m. this Sunday. (×)
本周日下午四点在学校报告厅有一个讲座。
there be 结构中be 动词有时态的变化,所有的时态变化都是be 动词的变化。以上句子正确时态应该为:
There is going to be a lecture in the school lecture hall at 4 o’clock p.m.this Sunday. (√)
There will be a lecture in the school lecture hall at 4 o’clock p.m. this Sunday. (√)
There be 句型常见的时态变化如下:
There was a meeting in our school yesterday. (一般过去时)
There will be a meeting in our school tomorrow. (一般将来时)
There is going to be a meeting in our school tomorrow. (一般将来时)
There have been many changes in my hometown since 2011. (现在完成时)
此外,there be 句型还可以和助动词和情态动词连用。例如:
There can’t be any mistakes in his passage. 他的文章里不可能有什么错误。
除此之外,there be 句型中的be 动词, 可以用live、stand、come、go、lie、exist 等动词来替代,表示存在。这些动词的使用会增加语言的地道性。例如:
There stands a history museum near the square.
在广场的附近有一座历史博物馆。
總之,牢固地记住there be 结构的易错点,才能够写出正确的句式。
三、there be 句型的拓展句型
除了there be 句型的基本句式之外,我们在写作中还可以运用一些there be 句型的高级表达,从而让作文锦上添花。例如:
There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问
There is no denying that... 不可否认
There is no need for sb. to do sth. 某人没必要做某事
There is no sense/point(in)doing sth. 做某事没有意义
There is no difficulty/trouble in doing sth. 做某事没有困难
There is no chance/possibility that ……没有可能
There is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with your written English.
毫无疑问,写英语日记非常有助于书面语的提高。
There is no denying that taking exercise is of great importance.
不可否认,参加体育锻炼是十分重要的。
There is no possibility that any of us will ever forget the trip.
我们绝不可能忘记这次旅行。
练习
1. 10月1日早上8点我们要在东方宾馆门口集合,将有一辆小型公共汽车等着我们。
2. 毫无疑问,你应该提前了解唐朝的历史。
3. 不可否认这是一次极好的体验,我真的希望能再次去那里。
4. 后墙上挂着一幅很旧的照片。
5. 小镇旁边有一个美丽的湖。
参考答案:
1. We are to gather at the gate of the Orient Hotel at eight on the morning of October 1, and there will be a minibus waiting for us.
2. There is no doubt that you are supposed to know about the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance.
3. There is no denying that this was a fantastic experience and I do hope to go there once again.
4. There is an old picture hanging on the back wall.
5. There lies a beautiful lake beside the small town.