付社岗,任亚利,徐凌飞
摘要:陕西关中地区秋季普遍降雨会形成秋淋天气,长时间的阴雨会使根系长时间缺氧坏死,叶片染病早落,果面雨蚀病变,从而造成果品外观着色差、果面不光洁、口感质量变差等,为此,需采取相应措施,做好果树管理工作。可采取如下措施:1)排水防涝,积水果园应尽快抽排果园的积水,覆草覆膜的果园要尽快揭除覆盖物;2)加强中耕松土,,以保持土壤疏松,通气良好;3)及时修剪,疏除密生枝、徒长枝、直立枝、外围多头枝等,以改善果树光照条件;4)充分供给养分,增施生物有机肥,适量施用化肥、补充微肥,提倡采果前根外补肥,以促发新根,促进树势恢复;5)抓好病虫防治,及时将病虫枝、病叶烂果等清理出园,减少病虫源,同时全园喷优质杀菌剂消毒,有效控制病虫害。
关键词:降雨;果树;影响;对策
文章编号:2096-8108(2022)02-0058-02中图分类号:S66文献标识码:B
Influence and Countermeasure of Autumn Rainy Weather on Fruit Trees
FU Shegang1, REN Yali1, XU Lingfei2
(1.Fruit Industry Development Center of Pucheng County, Pucheng 715500, China;
2.College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China)
Abstract: The autumn rainfall in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi province will form the autumn rain weather, the long time of overcast rain will make the root system for a long time anoxic necrosis, leaf disease early fall, fruit surface rain erosion lesions, resulting in the appearance of the fruit color difference fruit surface is not smooth taste quality change, etc., therefore, it is necessary to take corresponding measures to do a good job in fruit tree management The following measures can be taken :1) drainage and waterlogging prevention. The water in the stagnant orchard should be drained as soon as possible, and the mulch should be removed as soon as possible in the orchard covered with grass and film; 2) Strengthen the middle tillage to loosen the soil, so as to keep the soil loose and good ventilation; 3) Timely pruning, sparse removal of dense branches, long branches, upright branches and peripheral multiple branches, to improve the light conditions of fruit trees; 4) Fully supply nutrients, increase the application of bio-organic fertilizer, appropriate application of chemical fertilizer to supplement micro-fertilizer, promote the root before fruit picking fertilizer, in order to promote the new roots, promote the recovery of tree potential; 5) Do a good job of disease and insect prevention and control, timely clean up the leaves and fruits of disease and insect branches, reduce the source of disease and insect, and spray high quality fungicide disinfection throughout the garden, effectively control diseases and insect pests.
Keywords:rainfall; the fruit trees; influence; countermeasures
近期,陜西关中地区普遍降雨,持续时间较长,对果树生长、果实品质和采收造成一定影响,尤其是果品外观质量影响最大,引起果品着色难、着色慢、硬度差、糖度小及果面不洁净等问题。持续的的阴雨、寡照、低温天气对果树正常生长造成很大的影响,因此,必须做好秋淋天气果树管理工作。
1秋淋对果树的影响
1.1根系长时间缺氧坏死
大量的降水导致果园积水过多,造成根系呼吸困难,在缺氧的条件下,根呼吸产生的中间产物(如乙醇)及微生物活动而生成的有机酸(如乙酸)和还原性物质(如甲烷、硫化氢),就会导致根系中毒变褐坏死,轻则造成根功能吸收输送受阻,重则造成生长根和吸收根大量死亡。
1.2叶片染病早落
苹果褐斑病、梨黑星病等主要靠雨水传播,雨前未喷杀菌剂的果园轻者出现初侵染的病叶,重者前期感病的老叶片大量脱落。同时,在持续降雨的情况下,天晴后气温回升,叶片呼吸蒸腾作用加强,由于根系不能及时向叶片输送叶蒸腾所需的水分,天气骤晴后,叶正面还会出现由叶缘向内褐变枯死的“黑叶”。
1.3果面雨蚀病变
果实成熟前由于长时间受到雨水侵蚀,加上7月中旬至8月上旬持续20多天30 ℃以上的高温天气灼伤果实皮孔,进一步加重了果面裂纹、气孔木栓、水锈形成和脱袋后红点病侵染。同时,果树在土壤水分饱和的情况下,根叶功能受阻,果实还会出现早熟个小、萎蔫腐坏等现象。
2采取的对策
2.1重视排水防涝
积水果园长时间处于闷根状态,严重影响根系的呼吸甚至染病死亡,造成根腐病或烂根病的发生,从而影响根系吸收营养的功能,所以排涝放墒是当前工作的重点。积水果园应尽快抽排果园的积水,防止根死叶枯;覆草覆膜的果园,要尽快揭除覆盖物,增加土壤透气性;清耕果园,分墒后可割草留根或浅翻晾晒,加速土壤水分蒸发,增加透气性,促进土壤有益微生物活动,从而恢复根系发育,促进新根生长。同时及时检查果袋,及時排掉袋内积水,否则容易导致果实黑点病、红点病发生严重。
2.2加强中耕松土
近期雨水较多,土壤湿度过大,通气性差,吸收根窒息死亡现象较严重,往往导致叶片褐变死亡。应加强果园的中耕松土,以保持土壤疏松,通气良好,为根系生长发育创造良好的土壤环境。
2.3及时修剪调光
及时疏除密生枝、徒长枝、直立枝、外围多头枝等,同时采取拉枝变向的方法改善果树光照条件,减少养分无效消耗,促进营养积累。
2.4抓好养分供给
目前,秋施基肥正当时,基肥以有机肥为主,增施生物有机肥,适量施用化肥、补充微肥。施肥深度在20~40 cm(根系集中分布层);提倡采果前根外补肥,补充因雨水过多、土壤养分流失过重而造成的养分供应不足的问题,促发新根,促进树势恢复。
2.5病虫防治不放松
雨后果园湿度大,利于病菌传播和害虫滋生,应及时进行病虫害防治。一是清园,及时将病虫枝、病叶烂果等清理出园,减少病虫源;二是全园喷优质杀菌剂,最好选择水乳剂,如腈菌唑、多抗霉素等,同时加入补钙剂,提高果实硬度。喷药时要求雾化程度要好,喷布均匀细致。对于发生烂根的果园,及时挖除烂根或死株,在树盘周围撒施石灰或淋施杀菌药消毒。