李春峰 尹忆军
萊阳豆面灯碗习俗是当地一种特有的民俗活动,流传于辖区内的十几处镇街。其中,照旺庄镇、万第镇、沐浴店镇、谭格庄镇、团旺镇一带最为兴盛。
这一习俗由来已久,清康熙年间(1661)的《莱阳县志》记载:“又做面盏十二照月序蒸之,以卜水旱。”就是讲,莱阳人用豆面做成一盏盏小巧玲珑的“十二月”面灯,以面摺数量代表月份,一个摺代表一月,二个摺代表二月……十二个摺代表十二月。面盏内放食油点燃,视灯盏灭后盏内余油多少以卜来年的旱、涝情况,使这一古老习俗蒙上了一层神秘的色彩。
莱阳豆面灯碗习俗从元宵节闹花灯、放烟火的习俗演变而来,成为当地人们的一种祭祀、祈福的民俗形式,并以它特有的纯朴自然,悄悄地传承在梨乡大地。它是以黄豆面为主要原料,做灯前先用食油掺和豆面,使其很有筋力,使灯碗能够做得十分精细,而点燃后能透出金黄色的迷人光晕,所以也叫“金灯”。普通简单的豆面灯碗不改变本色,而用于供奉祖宗家谱和喜庆用灯则多用“色面”,即豆面中掺入带颜色的蔬菜汁或食用颜料,反复揉搓而成,以大红、大绿、黄色为主,其它色彩为点缀,整个是一派富贵、气派的格调,好像古埃及人在制作雕像上的加色彩绘一样。
莱阳灯碗习俗是以一家一户为单位,自发地在固定的时间,按照相同的程序,进行相同内容的习俗活动。其中,捏制灯碗是农村妇女们一项重要的“才艺展示”。无论是年轻的小媳妇,还是上了岁数的老婆婆,在正月十五来临之时,都能依照传统习俗,活灵活现地捏制出各种灯碗的造型。在整个过程中全凭着经验和灵性,大胆捏制,挥洒自如,把胶东儿女的聪明智慧和美好祈愿融入其中。
俗语说“礼从宜、事从俗”。随着岁月的流淌,灯碗渐渐地被赋予不同的寓意,内涵越来越丰富。像做成“莲花”和“鱼形”的灯碗,表示“连年有余”;“石榴、莲子”则祝愿人们生活美满,多子多孙;做成属相的灯碗预示着人们新的一年旺旺盛盛,健康平安;做成“十二月”灯的,可预知来年的水旱及收成,等等。这些造型各异的灯碗与正月十五闹花灯的习俗相得益彰,成为一道亮丽的民俗文化景观。
灯碗习俗的活动内容与人们所关切的现实生活和情感认知紧密相连,是农耕文化的典型代表,具有鲜明的特色、丰富的寓意,也是研究胶东历史、民俗、美学不可忽视的实物资料。
Evolving from the tradition of lighting lanterns and setting off fire crackers, Laiyang soybean flour lamp bowl becomes a folk custom for local people to worship and pray. With its unique, simple and genuine flavor, it quietly spreads in the township of pears. With soybean flour as the main material, it is made by adding edible oil to the flour to make it sinewy. In this way the lamp bowl can be delicate and able to make charming golden halo after being lighted. Hence, it is also called the golden light. The ordinary and simple soybean flour lamps remain unchanged while those used to worship ancestors or celebration happy occasions are mostly made of colored flour, that is, to add colored vegetable juice or edible pigments in the soybean flour and knead it repeatedly. With bright red, bright green and yellow as the main body complemented by other colors, they are in a style of fortune and grandiose like colorful painting on statues by ancient Egyptians.