Trade-marks (Ⅰ)商标（上）

V. M.希利尔（1875—1931），美国著名儿童教育家、科普作家，创建了卡尔弗特教育体系。他为孩子们编写了一套趣味盎然的历史、地理、艺术读物， 即《写给孩子看的世界历史》《写给孩子看的世界地理》《写给孩子看的艺术史》。本文选自《写给孩子看的艺术史》，该书写于20世纪二三十年代。

You have heard of a fireproof building. But have you ever heard of a fireproof animal？ A little animal that looks like a lizard and is called a salamander was always supposed to be fireproof. The people of the sixteenth century used to think that if they put a salamander in the fire the salamander wouldn’t mind it a bit. The hotter the fire， the more he’d like it. They used to call asbestos cloth （which is fireproof） salamander’s skin.

In those days of the sixteenth century there reigned in France a king named

Francis I whose badge was a salamander. Francis I also used a capital letter F as a badge. The salamander and the letter F were like trade-marks and FrancisⅠhad them put on all the many buildings he built during his reign. He was a powerful monarch with plenty of money to spend and his delight was to spend the money on the works of the best painters， goldsmiths， sculptors， and architects. Many of the painters， sculptors， and goldsmiths were Italians who came to work for Francis I. The architects were mostly Frenchmen.

你应该听说过防火的建筑，但是你听说过能防火的动物吗？据说有一种长得和蜥蜴很像的动物，一直被认为具有防火的能力，它的名字叫沙拉曼達。16世纪的人们一度认为，即使把沙拉曼达放进火里烤也没什么关系，火越大、温度越高，它不但不怕还越开心。因此16世纪的人们把防火的石棉布称为“沙拉曼达皮”。

在16世纪，有一位名叫弗朗索瓦一世的法国统治者，他的象征性标志便是一条沙拉曼达。大写的F是他的另一个标志，这两个标志就像是他的两个商标。在弗朗索瓦一世统治期间修建的所有建筑，都被打上了他的商标。弗朗索瓦一世是一个强势的君主，在自己的喜好方面愿意花很多钱，而他最大的爱好就是花钱购买最好的画家、金匠、雕塑家、建筑师的作品。许多意大利的画家、金匠和雕刻家都来到法国为他工作，但为他工作的建筑师大多还是法国人。

The buildings of these French Renaissance architects were different from the Italian Renaissance buildings. Most of the French Renaissance buildings were still Gothic in shape. The lines still ran vertically up from the ground as they did in the Gothic style. You remember the horizontal lines of some of the Italian Renaissance buildings. This difference was because the Renaissance in France changed from Gothic little by little， while in Italy the Renaissance was not a slow change， but a sudden break from the Gothic.

In Italy many of the Renaissance buildings were churches. In France there were already plenty of fine Gothic churches. Most of the French Renaissance buildings， therefore， were palaces and castles. Chateaux is what the French call them， and we too use the French word when speaking of the French Renaissance.

So many of these chateaux were built along the river Loire in France that the valley of this river is known as the Chateau Country.

与意大利文艺复兴式建筑相比，法国文艺复兴式建筑大不一样。大多数的法国文艺复兴式建筑的外形仍然是哥特式风格，线条布局也是哥特式风格——经典的垂直于地面的直上直下的线条。但是意大利文艺复兴式建筑的风格却不同，你还记得吗？它们的线条主要是水平的。造成这种差异的原因是，法国文艺复兴式风格只是对哥特式风格一点一点地逐步改变，而意大利文艺复兴式风格却不是缓慢地变化，而是突然背离了哥特式风格。

在意大利，许多文艺复兴式风格的建筑都是教堂;在法国，已经有很多哥特式风格的精美教堂，而法国的文艺复兴式建筑大部分都是宫殿和城堡。法国人称呼法国文艺复兴式建筑为“Chateaux”，翻译过来就是法式城堡，我们也常常随法国人这样称呼它们。

法国的卢瓦尔河河畔修建有许多法式城堡，这条河的河谷也因此被称为“法式城堡之乡”。

A very famous chateau still stands at Blois in the Chateau Country. Parts of the Chateau of Blois were built in the Gothic style before the Renaissance reached France， but one whole section was built by Francis I in the Renaissance style. This section is called the Wing of Francis I. There is a celebrated spiral staircase attached to the outside wall of the building in an open tower—something like a fire-escape. The staircase tower is stone and marble， like the rest of the building. On the staircase are carved again and again the salamander and the letter F of Francis I. The salamanders are royal salamanders and each has a crown above him. Little flames of fire seem to be flying all around the salamanders.You can see these “trade-marks” of Francis I on other parts of the building.

Notice that the building is still Gothic enough to have Gothic gargoyles sticking out from the staircase and the roof.

If you should walk down the staircase at the Chateau of Blois and some one else started to walk up at the same time， you two would meet on the stairs. But there is another staircase in France where persons going down never meet persons going up at the same time. It sounds mysterious， but it really happens just that way. The pass-without-meeting staircase is in the central tower of a large chateau at Chambord.

城堡之乡的卢瓦尔有一座著名的城堡，叫卢瓦尔城堡，直到现今还依然屹立着。卢瓦尔城堡的部分建筑是在文艺复兴式风格波及法国之前就修建了的，因此还是哥特式的风格;但是部分单元建筑则是弗朗索瓦一世按照文艺复兴式风格修建的，这一部分也被称为“弗朗索瓦一世之翼”。在這一建筑的外墙上建有一个著名的旋转楼梯，它被嵌建在敞口的、有点像防火梯的塔楼之中。这个旋转楼梯与整座建筑的其他部分一样，也是由石块和大理石砌成的。塔楼的阶梯目光所及，到处都刻着弗朗索瓦一世的象征性标志：沙拉曼达和大写的字母F。这里的沙拉曼达是皇室的专有图案，它们的顶部画有皇冠，周围隐约有许多舞动的小火苗。弗朗索瓦一世的这些“商标”在建筑的各个地方都可看到。

注意一下你就会发现，这座建筑还是很具有哥特式建筑的特征，比如阶梯和屋顶上都砌有典型的哥特式外凸的滴水嘴。

如果你沿着卢瓦尔城堡的阶梯往下走，而另一个人同时沿阶梯往上走，那么你俩肯定会在阶梯中间相遇。不过，在法国有一座楼梯，同时往下和往上走的两个人永远不会在楼梯上相遇，听起来似乎是不可思议的事，但事实却真的是这样。这座“上下楼互不相遇”的楼梯，就位于法国著名的大城堡——香波尔城堡的主塔里。

No girl or boy who likes to read of knights and ladies in the days of chivalry could help getting a thrill at seeing the Chateau of Chambord. It is a huge castle， partly fortified and once protected by a moat or ditch of water. It has towers， steep roofs， tall chimneys， and thick stone walls. With its towers and chimneys pointing toward the sky， it really looks more Gothic than Renaissance.

The pass-without-meeting staircase is in the tallest tower and works the way it does because there are two sets of steps which corkscrew up the tower together， one set above the other. The Statue of Liberty in New York has an iron staircase inside it built the same way as the stone staircase at Chambord.

Francis I liked to stay at Chambord when he wanted a change from city life. He liked to stay at Blois， too. But he liked best of all the palace of Fontainebleau， which is noted for its beautiful gardens， terraces， and lakes， and for its rich interiors. The outsides of the palace buildings aren’t as interesting as Chambord and Blois， so we’ll hurry on to still another palace of Francis I. This is the Louvre in Paris.

如果你也是喜欢读骑士与公主故事的小朋友，那么当你看到香波尔城堡的时候，一定也会和这些小朋友一样，抑制不住自己激动的心情。这是一座非常庞大的城堡，对外的部分有加固的城墙，四周曾经还有护城河的环绕。香波尔城堡有坚固的塔楼、陡峭的屋顶、高高的烟囱和厚重的砖墙。由于塔楼和烟囱都高耸直立、伸向天际，整个建筑相比于文艺复兴式，倒更具有哥特式建筑的风格。

“上下楼互不相遇”的楼梯位于香波尔城堡最高的塔楼内。之所以“上下楼互不相遇”，是因为它是由两座楼梯组成的。这兩座楼梯的一座比另一座高，也就是说它们不在一个平面上，但是一起螺旋向上延伸。美国纽约的自由女神像内部也有供人们攀登的楼梯，尽管它是与香波尔城堡的石阶梯材质不同的铁阶梯，但也是以同样方式修建的。

每当弗朗索瓦一世想暂时离开城市的喧嚣换一个生活环境时，他就会前往香波尔城堡。不过他最喜欢的还是住在枫丹白露宫。枫丹白露宫之所以闻名，是因为其漂亮的花园、庭院露台、美丽的湖泊，以及富丽堂皇的内部装饰。不过枫丹白露宫的外部建筑比不上香波尔城堡和卢瓦尔城堡那么有趣，因此就不详细介绍它了，让我们抓紧时间认识弗朗索瓦一世的另外一座宫殿——巴黎的罗浮宫。

Word Study

lizard /'lɪzəd/ n. 蜥蜴

asbestos /æs'bestəs/ n. 石棉

badge /bædʒ/ n. 标记;象征;徽章;奖章

His gun was a badge of power for him.

reign /reɪn/ n. 任期;当政期;君主统治时期

vertically /'vɜːtɪklɪ/ adv. 垂直地; 直立地; 纵向地

The cliff was almost vertical.

Word Study

spiral /'spaɪrəl/ adj. 螺旋形的;螺旋式的

attach /ə'tætʃ/ v. 把……固定，把……附（在……上）

They have attached a number of conditions to the agreement.

gargoyle /'ɡɑːɡɔɪl/ n. 滴水嘴

chivalry /'ʃɪvəlri/ n.（中世纪的）骑士制度

fortify /'fɔːtɪfaɪ/ v. 筑防御工事以防卫;（尤指）筑城防御

The town had to be fortified against invaders.

moat /məʊt/ n. 护城河