汪相,楼法生南京大学地球科学与工程学院,南京,210023;江西省地质调查研究院,南昌,330030
内容提要: 中国岩浆热液型钨矿主要赋存在南岭地区的燕山期花岗岩体内部或周围。目前,尚无法精准地测定此类钨矿的成矿年龄,统计上,得出了两期钨成矿作用:150~160 Ma(主成矿期)和130~140 Ma(次成矿期),然而,这困扰了对南岭钨矿成矿作用及其与花岗岩关系的理解。笔者等将综合分析各种最新资料,对成矿母岩、深部岩浆房和成矿机制开展系统的讨论,从而针对南岭钨矿的成矿模式给出明确的判断:① 燕山早期呈岩基、岩株状的黑云母二长花岗岩不是南岭钨矿的成矿母岩,150~160 Ma的年龄值不是钨成矿作用的年龄值;② 燕山晚期呈岩株、岩瘤、岩脉状的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩是潜在的钨源载体,但其体积太小,也无法满足成矿母岩要求;③ 当组合燕山早期主体花岗岩(黑云母二长花岗岩)、燕山晚期补体花岗岩(二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩)和燕山晚期钨矿三者为一体时,一种新颖的成矿模式被构建起来:一个长期存活的深部岩浆房可以分异出富含成矿物质的残余岩浆;当这种岩浆沿着张性断裂快速侵位时,将发生流体—熔体之间的溶离作用,碱性硅质流体形成含黑钨矿的石英脉,而强硅铝质熔体固结为二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩;④ 130~140 Ma的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩与黑钨矿石英脉是一对同源分体,两者的同步出现充分展示了成矿物质“源—运—储”的完整过程。该认识不仅可以合理地解释与岩浆热液矿床有关的多种地质现象(如“小岩体成大矿”),而且更新了岩浆热液成矿作用理论,更加重要的是为找矿勘探提供了确切的指导方向。
花岗岩浆的结晶分异作用导致亲花岗岩的金属元素(如:W、Sn、Be、Li、Mo、Nb、Ta等)从岩浆中伴随着气水溶液分泌出来(即成矿过程三部曲“源—运—储”之“源”),并在“运与储”的有利条件下,形成这些金属元素的岩浆热液矿床(翟裕生等,2011)。南岭地区出露了巨量的燕山期花岗岩(中国科学院地球化学研究所,1979),其内部(或外接触带)赋存了大量的岩浆热液型钨矿,因此,花岗岩与钨矿之间被认为有着直接的成因联系(地质矿产部南岭项目花岗岩专题组,1989)。
同一次造山运动可以形成两期花岗岩:同造山花岗岩和造山后花岗岩(李献华等,1997;肖庆辉等,2002)。在南岭地区,燕山运动引起的同造山花岗岩发生在燕山早期,而造山后花岗岩发生在燕山晚期(李献华等,1997;毛建仁等,1997;邓平等,2002)。所谓“燕山早期”和“燕山晚期”,笔者等综合构造学和岩石学资料后认为,南岭地区燕山运动的挤压作用始于~165 Ma(董树文等,2007),构造应力场转变(从挤压向伸展)发生在~140 Ma(李献华等,1997),伸展作用终于~130 Ma(许以明等,2011)。因此,南岭地区的燕山早期介于~165 Ma与~140 Ma之间,而燕山晚期介于~140 Ma与~130 Ma之间。相对于南岭燕山期花岗岩的侵入时间范围,南岭地区与花岗岩有关的钨矿的形成年龄却有着难以置信的跨度,其中最大成矿年龄为175.8±4.1 Ma(湖南宜章瑶岗仙钨矿; 王登红等,2009),最小成矿年龄为113.2±2.0 Ma(广西钟山长营岭钨锡矿; 李华芹等,1993)。尤其费解的是,在单个钨矿体内也可测到差别极大的成矿年龄,如:江西大余西华山钨矿“有三期成矿作用,分别为155 Ma、146 Ma和137 Ma”(李晓峰等,2008),江西崇义天门山钨矿的“成矿时代跨度为133~156 Ma”(曾载淋等,2009),等等。这些离散的成矿年龄很难与成矿花岗岩的定位年龄精准地对接起来,以致于至今无法确定一个真实的大规模成矿作用时间。造成这种困境的主要原因,可以归结为目前的成矿年龄测定方法的精准度较差,如:全岩或矿物Rb-Sr法和Sm-Nd法、长石或云母K-Ar法和Ar-Ar法、硫化物Re-Os法、矿石矿物(锡石、黑钨矿、Nb—Ta氧化物)U-Pb法等,每种方法都有各自的弱点(如:同位素体系的低封闭温度、所测同位素丰度偏低、离散的同位素初始值、易受后期热液作用的扰动等),这是目前矿床学成因研究中最大的瓶颈之一(杨岳衡等,2021)。
在上述情况下,许多作者对南岭地区钨成矿作用的年龄数据开展统计分析,从而获得两个成矿年龄峰值:一个在150~160 Ma之间,属于燕山早期(毛景文等,2007;付建明等,2007;程顺波等,2014);另一个在130~140 Ma之间,属于燕山晚期(毛景文等,2004;付建明等,2013;程顺波等,2014)。由于150~160 Ma成矿年龄的数据量远多于130~140 Ma成矿年龄的数据量,故两者分别被称为南岭钨矿的“主成矿期”和“次成矿期”(付建明等,2013;程顺波等,2014)。然而,根据矿床学理论,“在一个成矿区域中,矿化往往集中地发生在某个地质时期内(本文按:成矿期)”(翟裕生等,2011360),而“成矿期是指在一个具有相同成岩成矿动力学背景和物理化学条件的较长地质作用中,形成矿床的成矿作用过程”(翟裕生等,201120)。基于同一次造山运动不可逆的应力状态演变(由挤压转为伸展,据Osmundsen and Andersen,1994),笔者等认为,南岭地区的燕山运动不可能造成两期规模性的钨成矿作用。换言之,上述两期处于不同构造背景下的成矿年龄,只有一期是正确的,另一期则是误解的。
笔者等将利用近年来获得的各种研究成果,从成矿母岩、深部岩浆房与成矿机制三个方面,分别展开探讨性的评述,以确定南岭地区仅有一期钨成矿作用,从而推导出一个新型的区域性成矿模式。
根据《矿床学》教科书的定义,以石英脉型和云英岩型为主要矿床类型的南岭钨矿在成因上属于“内生高温岩浆热液矿床”,“这类矿床的形成作用发生在岩浆结晶作用的末期和期后”,即“由岩浆分泌出来的含矿气水溶液,在侵入体内及其附近围岩中,以交代和充填的成矿方式,将有用物质聚集起来而形成的”(翟裕生等,2011136)。显然,对应于150~160 Ma成矿年龄的南岭钨矿,其成矿母岩必然是150~160 Ma成岩年龄的南岭花岗岩。
众所周知,在150~160 Ma南岭地区出现了最大规模的花岗岩浆活动,构成了许多燕山早期花岗岩基,如:金鸡岭、龙源坝、姑婆山、佛冈、大东山、武平等花岗岩基(中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所,1979;南京大学地质系,1981;李献华等,2007)。它们属于钙碱性准铝质—弱过铝质花岗岩,在岩相学分类上它们主要为黑云母二长花岗岩,少量为花岗闪长岩(地质矿产部南岭项目花岗岩专题组,1989)。它们的岩石化学特征反映出它们的母岩浆是未分异—低分异的,表现为:① 它们的主量元素以低SiO2(平均值为70.51%)和高FeOT+MgO+CaO(平均值为5.88%)为特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);② 它们的微量元素以贫不相容元素(Be、Bi、Li、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sn、Ta、U、Y、W、Y)和富相容元素(Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Hf、Ni、Sr、Th、V、Zn、Zr)为特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);③ 它们的球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式为轻度Eu负异常的“右倾型”(图1a)。尤其是,它们的母岩浆在定位后的冷凝结晶过程中几乎未显示出任何程度的分离结晶作用,故这些花岗岩:① 几乎不含挥发分矿物(如:电气石、萤石、黄玉、方解石等)和矿石矿物(如:黑钨矿、锡石、Nb—Ta氧化物、黄铜矿、晶质铀矿等);② 几乎不具有文象结构和晶洞构造;③ 在其岩体中从未见高熔点矿物(如:Fe—Ti氧化物、暗色矿物、钙质斜长石、锆石、磷灰石等)下沉、聚集而造成水平状的岩性分层。按照岩浆热液矿床的成矿模式(翟裕生等,2011),这种未分异—低分异的花岗岩不具备成为南岭钨矿成矿母岩的必要条件——曾经历过高度的分离结晶作用。理论上,如按瑞利分离结晶模型计算(Hulsbosch et al.,2014),W丰度为5.9×10-6的南岭地区黑云母二长花岗岩(中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所,1979)不可能通过低限度的分离结晶作用分异出万吨级以上的大型钨矿;事实上,在许多巨型花岗岩基(如:龙源坝、佛冈等花岗岩基)的内部(或外接触带)甚至未出现过钨矿化点(除非岩基内部出现燕山晚期的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩,详细解释见下)。因此,这种未分异—低分异的黑云母二长花岗岩不可以被认作为南岭钨矿的钨源载体。
图1 南岭地区燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩(a)和燕山晚期二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(b)的球粒陨石标准化稀土配分型式。数据来源:Wang Xiang 等(2016);球粒陨石标准化数据取自Taylor and McLennan(1985)Fig. 1 Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of early Yanshanian biotite monzogranites (a) and late Yanshanian two-mica/muscovite alkali-feldspar granites (b) in the Nanling Ranges. Data are from Wang Xiang et al. (2016). Chondrite REE values are from Taylor and McLennan (1985)
然而,在具体的矿区范围内,黑云母二长花岗岩与钨矿之间却有着极其紧密的空间关系,表现为许多钨矿脉确实赋存在黑云母二长花岗岩体内部(或外接触带)(陈依壤,1981;朱焱龄等,1981;叶际祎等,2000;卢友月等,2019)。一个最典型的实例是湖南宜章县瑶岗仙钨矿,矿脉基本上赋存在黑云母二长花岗岩内部,部分矿脉可以向外延伸到泥盆系围岩中(图2a)。从剖面上看,部分主脉群从上往下收敛归并成一条矿脉,可在黑云母二长花岗岩体内“延深达数百米,甚至达千余米”(陈依壤,1981)。这种钨矿脉“向下至岩体内逐渐尖灭”的现象常见于南岭地区许多钨矿中,如:江西崇义县淘锡坑钨矿(陈郑辉等,2006)、江西全南县大吉山钨矿(夏卫华,1985)、江西于都县铁山垅钨矿(夏卫华,1985)和盘古山钨矿(叶际祎等,2000)、江西大余县西华山钨矿(周玉振等,2010)、广西贺州市烂头山钨矿(蔡明海等,2012)。据此,上述作者把黑云母二长花岗岩认作为钨矿的成矿母岩。然而,这些矿脉的产状(图2b)无疑地说明,含矿热液是以充填的方式注入到在早已固结的黑云母二长花岗岩中产生的裂隙内的,即:黑云母二长花岗岩与钨矿脉并不是同时形成的。显然,这种现象有悖于岩浆热液矿床的产出方式:“当溶液分出后,未经长距离的搬运,即在酸性岩体的顶部或其上覆围岩中沉淀成矿”(翟裕生等,2011138)。换言之,尽管矿脉赋存在黑云母二长花岗岩中,但是两者之间并没有“源”的成因关系,故从野外观察到的客观现象也可以判别,燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩不可能是钨矿的成矿母岩。
图2 湖南宜章县瑶岗仙钨矿的地质图(a)与矿区内燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩与燕山晚期钨矿脉接触关系的照片(b)(据Wang Xiang and Ren Minghua,2018修改)Fig. 2 Geological map of the Yaogangxian tungsten deposit, Yizhang, Hunan Province (a) and contact relationship between the early Yanshanian biotite monzogranite and the late Yanshanian tungsten-ore vein in this deposit (b) (modified from Wang Xiang and Ren Minghua, 2018)
相反,许多作者发现,南岭钨矿的成矿母岩属于“燕山运动晚阶段”的花岗岩(李华芹等,2006;陈郑辉等,2006;丰成友等,2007;付建明等,2007;蔡明海等,2012;祝新友等,2012;马星华等,2016);而更多的作者确定,南岭钨矿的成矿母岩形成于“燕山晚期”(中国科学院地球化学研究所,1979;南京大学地质系,1981;夏宏远和梁书艺,1987;地质矿产部南岭项目花岗岩专题组,1989;蔡锦辉等,2004;罗汉民等,2006;刘国庆等,2008;周玉振等,2010;程顺波等,2014;廖静等,2018;杨明桂和王光辉,2020)。大量的野外现象与年龄数据(表1)充分说明,南岭钨矿的成矿大爆发应该出现在燕山晚期,即130~140 Ma之间。
“燕山运动晚阶段”或“燕山晚期”的花岗岩基本上是呈岩株、岩瘤、岩脉状侵入的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(中国科学院地球化学研究所,1979;南京大学地质系,1981;地质矿产部南岭项目花岗岩专题组,1989;祝新友等,2012;Wang Xiang et al.,2017;杨明桂和王光辉,2020),它们是南岭钨矿潜在的成矿母岩,因为它们具备如下有利的条件:
(1)本文的统计工作显示,南岭地区二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩定位于130~140 Ma之间(表1),与上述130~140 Ma“次成矿期”的成矿年龄完全吻合。举一个很有代表性的实例,来确凿地说明两者的同时性。江西大余县西华山钨矿是赣南“四大钨矿”之一,矿区的花岗岩可分作四个阶段:161~180 Ma、150~160 Ma、148 Ma和最后的花岗斑岩(未测年)(翟裕生等,2011138)。根据钨矿脉切穿了第三阶段花岗岩体(翟裕生等,2011138),可以说明成矿作用晚于148 Ma,应该与第四阶段的花岗斑岩有成因关系。后来的测年分析证实,西华山花岗斑岩的成岩年龄为136.0~140.0 Ma(表1),而西华山钨矿的成矿年龄为130.3~139.8 Ma(表1),两者基本上吻合。最新的一个实例来自湖南茶陵县邓阜仙钨矿的研究,Xiong Yiqu 等(2020)利用锡石U-Pb法测定白云母碱长花岗岩和钨矿脉的形成年龄分别为138.0 Ma和136.8 Ma,两者也基本一致。早在20世纪,赫英(1991)在总结南岭钨矿研究工作后就指出,“细粒花岗岩(本文按:即细粒二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩)的形成年龄约为135~139 Ma,与矿脉的年龄互有交叉”。
(2)除了上述文献提到的钨矿与“燕山运动晚阶段”或“燕山晚期”二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩在空间上的伴生关系,本文还可以明确下列特征性的地质现象:①石英脉型或云英岩型钨矿石总是出现在二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩体的正上方(赫英,1991;蔡锦辉等,2004;陈郑辉等,2006;郭伟革等,2010;蔡明海等,2012;Xiong Yiqu et al.,2020),正如许多文章中的矿区剖面图所示(图4)。②在柿竹园、瑶岗仙、邓阜仙、黄沙、西华山、荡坪和大龙山等钨矿床中,许多作者都观察到从上往下由黑钨矿—石英脉到伟晶岩脉或细晶岩脉再到二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩脉,三者呈连续过渡的渐变关系(梅勇文,1985;陈依壤,1988;赫英,1991)。赫英(1990)曾指出,“细粒花岗岩(本文按:即细粒二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩)代表分离出挥发分溶液(本文按:即成矿热液)以后的残留部分”。③有时,黑钨矿呈浸染状分布在二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩中(赫英,1991;张文兰等,2006;郭伟革等,2010),甚至呈黑钨矿—毒砂—云母—长石—石英组合的囊状体封闭在二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩中(梅勇文,1985;陈依壤,1988;常海亮等,2007;张文兰等,2009),导致花岗岩本身构成钨矿石。值得强调的是,上述第②种和第③种现象从未出现在与钨矿伴生的燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩中。
(3)根据“岩浆热液矿床的形成作用发生在岩浆结晶作用的末期和期后”(翟裕生等,2011136),它们的成矿母岩必然经历过高度的分离结晶作用。南岭地区的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(其斜长石牌号小于An10; 祝新友等,2012;Wang Xiang et al.,2017)的岩石化学特征反映出它们的母岩浆是高度分异的,表现为:①它们的主量元素以高SiO2(平均值为75.86%)和低FeOT+MgO+CaO(平均值为1.52%)为特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);②它们的微量元素以富不相容元素(Be、Bi、Li、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sn、Ta、U、W、Y)和贫相容元素(Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Hf、Ni、Sr、Th、V、Zn、Zr)为特征(Wang Xiang et al.,2017);③它们的球粒陨石标准化稀土配分模式为高度Eu负异常的“海鸥型”(图1b)。同时,这些花岗岩富含挥发分矿物(如:萤石、电气石、黄玉、白云母、铁锂云母、方解石等)和矿石矿物(如:黑钨矿、锡石、Nb—Ta氧化物、黄铜矿、磷钇矿、晶质铀矿等)(Wang Xiang et al.,2017),局部可聚集成直径为几十厘米左右的囊状体(梅勇文,1985;陈依壤,1988;常海亮等,2007;张文兰等,2009)。它们常具有文象结构和雪球结构(章锦统和夏卫华,1988)、晶洞构造和流动构造(常海亮等,2007)。上述特征说明它们的母岩浆高度富集挥发分和金属元素,是成矿热液的潜在供体。
(4)由于锆石具有高度的抗蚀性和耐磨性,可以长期地保存它结晶时的原生信息,因此它已成为最佳的地球化学分析样品。通过测量锆石的n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)和n(176Lu)/n(177Hf)比值与结晶年龄,可以计算出n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)初始比值,来判断锆石结晶介质的起源特征(汪相等,2003)。最新发表的数据表明,南岭地区四个脉型钨矿(荡坪、铁山垅、淘锡坑和瑶岗仙钨矿)的白云母碱长花岗岩和矿脉中的锆石具有相同的n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)初始比值,证明了白云母碱长花岗岩与脉型钨矿之间存在亲缘性(Wang Xiang et al.,2017)。在许多南岭钨矿区,晚期侵入的花岗岩与矿石中的硫化物具有完全相同的δ34S值(梅勇文,1985),或两者中的石英具有完全相同的δ18O值(常海亮等,2007),说明它们是同源的。大量的矿石铅、硫、氢、氧同位素研究结果表明,南岭钨矿的成矿物质(热液)直接来自高分异的花岗岩(陈依壤,1988;郭伟革等,2010)。
然而,在南岭地区那些成矿的燕山晚期二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩的出露面积通常小于1 km2(章锦统和夏卫华,1988;祝新友等,2012),它们的平均W含量为243.3×10-6(中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所,1979)。通过质量平衡计算不难证明,如此小体积的富钨花岗岩也是不可能分异出万吨级以上的大型钨矿的。因此,也不能称它们为成矿母岩,即:成矿物质(钨、助溶剂、流体)不可能从这些小体积岩浆的“岩浆结晶作用的末期和期后”(翟裕生等,2011136)分离出来的。事实上,南岭地区燕山晚期二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩的基质都是细粒或微粒结构(图3),说明它们的母岩浆是快速定位和结晶的,即:它们没有充分的时间“将有用物质聚集起来”(翟裕生等,2011136)。那么,南岭钨矿有无成矿母岩呢? 笔者等认为,南岭地区的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩与钨矿是一对同源分体,两者皆来自深部岩浆房的残余岩浆。
图3 燕山晚期二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩中斑晶矿物的熔蚀结构的正交偏光显微照片:(a)(湖南茶陵县)邓阜仙细粒白云母碱长花岗岩中的斑晶白云母(Ms);(b)(江西大余县)漂塘花岗斑岩中的斑晶钾长石(Kf);(c)(江西于都县)铁山垅细粒白云母碱长花岗岩中的斑晶钠长石(Ab);(d)(湖南宜章县)瑶岗仙细粒白云母碱长花岗岩中的斑晶石英(Qz)Fig. 3 Photomicrographs (crossed polars) of resorption texture of phenocryst minerals in the late Yanshanian two-mica/muscovite alkali-feldspar granite:(a) phenocryst muscovite (Ms) in the Dengfuxian fine-grained muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (Chaling, Hunan Province);(b) phenocryst potassic feldspar (Kf) in the Piaotang granite porphyry (Dayu, Jiangxi Province);(c) phenocryst of albite (Ab) in the Tieshanlong fine-grained muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (Yudu, Jiangxi Province);(d) phenocryst quartz (Qz) in the Yaopgangxian fine-grained muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (Yizhang, Hunan Province)
在南岭地区,(燕山早期)150~160 Ma的黑云母二长花岗岩普遍被认为是壳源S型花岗岩(地质矿产部南岭项目花岗岩专题组,1989;翟裕生等,1999;邓平等,2002;蒋国豪等,2004)。壳源S型花岗岩形成于同造山的挤压构造背景(李献华等,1997;Yenes et al.,1999),即:在地壳加厚过程中地壳深部发生部分熔融作用,形成黑云母二长花岗岩浆房(Yenes et al.,1999);当该岩浆房受到进一步挤压时,黑云母二长花岗岩浆沿着逆冲断层,主动侵位到地壳上部(Castro and Fernandez,1998;Yenes et al.,1999),形成黑云母二长花岗岩(岩基或岩株)(图4)。构造学研究显示,华南地块在中—晚侏罗世受到伊泽奈崎板块的俯冲—挤压,造成了燕山早期壳源S型花岗岩浆的形成和定位(毛建仁等,1997;翟裕生等,1999;邓平等,2002),因此,南岭地区燕山早期的黑云母二长花岗岩属于同造山花岗岩(Yenes et al.,1999;Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。
图4 (燕山早期)主体花岗岩、(燕山晚期)补体花岗岩和(燕山晚期)钨(锡)矿脉的地质剖面图。(a)含矿的芙蓉复式花岗岩体(据蔡锦辉等,2004修改);(b)含矿的瑶岗仙复式花岗岩体(据郭伟革等,2010修改)Fig. 4 Geologicalsection drawings of (early Yanshanian) main intrusive granite, (late Yanshanian) subsequent intrusive granite and (late Yanshanian) tungsten (tin)-ore veins. (a) Furong ore-bearing granitic complex (modified from Cai Jinhui et al., 2004&);(b) Yaogangxian ore-bearing granitic complex (modified from Guo Weige et al., 2010&)
同样在南岭地区,燕山晚期出现了大量的碱长花岗岩(地质矿产部南岭项目花岗岩专题组,1989;Wang Xiang et al.,2017),这些花岗岩的基质部分呈现为细粒或微粒结构,因此在野外常被称为“(斑状)细粒花岗岩”(梅勇文,1985;赫英,1991;李华芹等,1993;常海亮等,2007;郭伟革等,2010;肖荣等,2011;蔡明海等,2012;祝新友等,2012;武国忠等,2014;丘增旺等,2017)或“花岗斑岩”(华仁民,2005;陈毓川等,2006;李华芹等,2006;邱检生等,2006;李光来等,2011;丘增旺等,2017)。花岗斑岩与细粒花岗岩之间有过渡关系,花岗斑岩实际上就是细粒花岗岩(赫英,1991)。这种细粒或微粒结构是由于花岗岩浆沿着张性构造快速定位导致温压骤降(及流体出溶)条件下形成的(Wang Xiang et al.,2017),故这些细粒花岗(斑)岩呈现为被动侵位的构造属性(Castro and Fernandez,1998)。目前,国内地质界普遍认为,在~140 Ma华南构造应力场从挤压向伸展转变(李献华等,1997;刘义茂等,2003)。因此,南岭地区燕山晚期的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩可被称为造山后花岗岩(柏道远等,2005;Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。
作为“成矿母岩”的细粒斑状二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩普遍具有两个基本特征:① 它们的斑晶显示出熔蚀边界(图3);② 它们与围岩呈侵入接触关系(图4)。这些特征说明,它们的母岩浆来自深部岩浆房,并快速上升定位和冷凝结晶形成花岗岩(Müller et al.,2005)。这一点暗示了,这类花岗岩浆的高分异演化作用发生在深部岩浆房中。那么,它们的初始花岗岩浆是什么?需要多长时间才能完成高度的岩浆分异作用?
至此,笔者等可以指出,燕山晚期的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩与燕山早期的黑云母二长花岗岩来自同一个深部岩浆房,证据如下:
(1)燕山晚期的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩普遍以补体花岗岩的形式,侵入在主体花岗岩(即燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩)之中或周围(图4),构成南岭地区大量存在的燕山期复式花岗岩体(表2)。这种空间上的耦合关系表明,两者的岩浆房应该处于同一垂线上。
(2)主体与补体花岗岩的侵入作用都受到相同的北东向(北北东向到北东东向的变化范围内)断裂的控制(李中兰和梅勇文,1999),说明两种岩浆是经过相同的通道上升定位的。
(3)矿物学和岩石化学研究显示,这两种花岗岩之间具有明显的演化关系,即两者被认为是同一岩浆在不同演化阶段的产物(陈依壤,1988;喻良桂,2007;郭伟革等,2010;朱金初等,2011),甚至部分作者认为二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩浆是通过分离结晶作用由黑云母二长花岗岩浆直接分异出来的(赫英,1991;李中兰和梅勇文,1999;叶际祎等,2000)。
(4)Wang Xiang 等(2021)揭示,南岭地区二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩的热液锆石中包裹的残留锆石具有岩浆结晶锆石的标志性特征:① 发育{211} 锥面;② 强CL亮度;③ 中等含量的Hf与很低含量的U+Th+Y,完全相同于黑云母二长花岗岩中的岩浆锆石。事实上,它们的结晶年龄介于154.9±1.2 Ma和156.1±1.5 Ma之间(Wang Xiang et al.,2021),也与南岭地区黑云母二长花岗岩中岩浆锆石的结晶年龄(155±5 Ma,据华仁民,2005;李献华等,2007)完全一致。因此,二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩浆侵位时捕获黑云母二长花岗岩的岩浆锆石的存在,说明两者经过了相同的通道。
(5)最直接的证据是,二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩中锆石的热液增生边(结晶于该花岗岩浆定位时)与残留锆石(结晶于黑云母二长花岗岩浆定位时)具有相同的n(176Hf)/n(177Hf)初始比值(Wang Xiang et al.,2021),说明两者是同源的。事实上,南岭地区的黑云母二长花岗岩与二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩具有相同的n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)初始比值和δ18O值,也说明两者来自同一岩浆源区(沈渭洲等,1994;蒋国豪等,2004)。
笔者等认为,南岭地区的黑云母二长花岗岩(主体花岗岩)与二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(补体花岗岩)代表来自同一岩浆房中的两次花岗岩浆侵入作用,第一次为~155.0 Ma的同造山花岗岩(Wang Xiang et al.,2021),第二次为~133.4 Ma的造山后花岗岩(Wang Xiang et al.,2017),两者共同演绎了一次构造运动(即燕山运动)的两个重要的时间节点:挤压作用高潮和伸展作用高潮。相似的实例也见于世界各地,如:① 在Quérigut复式花岗岩体内(比利牛斯山,法国)二长花岗岩(主体花岗岩)的定位年龄为303~312 Ma,而中心的浅色花岗岩(补体花岗岩)的定位年龄为270~280 Ma(Auréjac et al.,2004);② 在David Lake复式花岗岩体内(新斯科舍省,加拿大)二长花岗岩(主体花岗岩)的定位年龄为366 Ma,而周围的浅色花岗岩(补体花岗岩)的定位年龄为344 Ma(Kontak and Chatterjee,1992);③ 在Guilleries复式花岗岩体(北东伊比利亚半岛,西班牙)中补体浅色花岗岩(定位年龄为305.3~299.0 Ma)比主体闪长岩(定位年龄为323.6 Ma)晚20 Ma左右定位(Martínez et al.,2008)。正像南岭地区两类花岗岩具有相同的同位素特征(见上述),在Budduso复式花岗岩体(撒丁岛,意大利)中,黑云母二长花岗岩(主体花岗岩)与浅色花岗岩(补体花岗岩)有着完全相同的n(87Sr)/n(86Sr)初始比值和εNd(t)值,说明两者也是同源的(Barbey et al.,2008)。这暗示了一个非常奇特的构造—岩石学现象:地壳深部的花岗岩浆房可以存活20 Ma以上! 有些学者认为,岩浆房可以存活1.4 Ma以下的时间(Morgan and Blake,2006);但是,Coleman 等(2004)通过一系列同源岩浆侵入体的锆石年龄确定,岩浆房最大的存活时间可以达到10 Ma左右。最近,Wang Xiang 等(2021)通过热力学计算获得,当地壳中20 km深处的岩浆房(万天丰等,2008)的体积大于475 km3时(本文按:佛冈岩体的出露面积>6000 km2; 据李献华等,2007),从初始岩浆温度(950°C,Hall,1996)下降到固相线温度(600°C,London et al.,1989)需要20 Ma以上。因此,如果说黑云母二长花岗岩代表岩浆房中部分初始岩浆侵位后的结晶产物,那么二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩则代表岩浆房中大量的初始岩浆经过20 Ma 以上的分离结晶作用后的残余岩浆侵位后的结晶产物。
在中侏罗世,伊泽奈崎板块开始向欧亚板块俯冲,至晚侏罗世它的俯冲速度达到最大值(Maruyama et al.,1997),造成华南地块处于最大挤压应力状态。具体地说,在~155 Ma,地壳深部的部分熔融作用产生花岗岩浆房,部分花岗岩浆沿着逆冲断层主动侵位形成南岭地区大规模的同造山黑云母二长花岗岩岩基、岩株(中国科学院贵阳地球化学研究所,1979;毛建仁等,1997;翟裕生等,1999;邓平等,2002;Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。至~140 Ma,由于伊泽奈崎板块俯冲方向的改变(Maruyama et al.,1997),华南构造应力场从挤压向伸展转变(李献华等,1997;刘义茂等,2003),原来北东向(北北东向到北东东向的变化范围内)的压扭断裂转为张扭断裂(李中兰和梅勇文,1999)。至~133 Ma,伸展作用达到高潮(Li Jianhui et al.,2013),深部岩浆房中的残余岩浆沿着相同的通道被动侵入,形成细粒二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(或花岗斑岩)(Wang Xiang et al.,2017)。
然而,在二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩定位之前,深部岩浆房经历了20 Ma以上的分离结晶作用,即:初始的黑云母二长花岗岩浆中持续不断地晶出高熔点矿物(Fe—Ti氧化物、锆石、磷灰石等副矿物,辉石、角闪石、黑云母等暗色矿物和钙质较高的斜长石)。这些高熔点矿物具有两个基本特征:① 几乎不含挥发分(H2O、F、B、Cl、CO2等);② 比重大于花岗岩浆。因此,这些高熔点矿物趋于下沉和聚集在岩浆房底部,从而导致岩浆房上部的残余岩浆中高度富集亲石元素(Si、Al、Na、K)、不相容微量元素(Be、Bi、Li、Nb、Pb、Rb、Sn、Ta、U、W、Y)和挥发分(H2O、F、B、Cl、CO2等)。在深部岩浆房较大的静岩压力条件下,残余岩浆中越来越富集的挥发分(作为络阴离子)和碱性元素(作为电价平衡阳离子)与钨发生络合作用,形成易溶于流体的碱—钨络合物(如:[WO3F]-、[WO2F4]2-、[WO3(OH)]-等; 据Wood and Samson,2000),或者碱—钨酸络合物(如:[WO4]2-、[H(WO4)]-、[H10(WO4)6]2-等,据Wood and Samson,2000),使得钨高度地富集在含流体的残余岩浆中(Bailey,1977)。这种由分离结晶作用导致的残余花岗岩浆富集成矿物质的演化已经被许多实验结果所证实(Clarke et al.,2010)。许多作者已经发现,“成矿物质来自在岩浆房中充分分异后的岩浆岩”(蔡锦辉等,2004;祝新友等,2012),但是他们都没有意识到:一个万吨级钨矿的成矿物质(钨、助溶剂、流体)需要在深部岩浆房中经历20 Ma以上的分离结晶作用才可富集起来。本文的观点应该是对于岩浆热液钨矿形成过程中钨富集机制作出的最新颖的也是最合理的解释。
当残余岩浆沿着张性断裂快速定位到某一高度时,由于压力的急剧下降(包括温度的急剧下降),残余岩浆中的流体的溶解度急剧下降,导致流体—熔体之间发生溶离作用(fluid—melt immiscibility),残余岩浆骤然分解为两部分:碱性硅质流体和强硅铝质熔体(Veksler,2004)。由于前者有很低的密度和黏度,它率先到达张性体系的上端,形成含黑钨矿的石英脉;而后者充填张性体系的余下空间,固结为二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(图4)。
至此,我们就能容易地理解伴随着与高分异花岗岩浆有关的钨成矿过程及其地质现象:
(1)成矿过程包括金属元素的“源—运—储”三部曲(翟裕生等,1999)。其实,它漏掉了最关键的一个阶段:一个金属元素在地壳中的丰度为10-6数量级,它如何借助于花岗岩浆作用富集成万吨级的矿床?Wang Xiang 等(2021)的研究揭示,在燕山早期出现的岩浆房中,巨量的黑云母二长花岗岩浆经历了20 Ma以上的分离结晶作用,才可产生极度富集成矿物质(钨、助溶剂、流体)的残余岩浆,从而在张性环境中上升、定位而发生成岩—成矿作用。根据矿床学分类,南岭钨矿属于“岩浆期后热液矿床”(陈依壤,1988;池云星,2005;翟裕生等,2011),因为“热液流体完全形成于冷却的岩浆体内”(肖庆辉等,2002257)。然而,侵入到上地壳的花岗岩浆,在较快的冷凝过程中“不可能结晶分离和演化”(张旗,2012),故所谓的“岩浆期后热液矿床”因岩浆冷凝结晶阶段(本文注:岩浆温度越低,岩浆黏度越大)缺乏重力对流(比重大的高熔点矿物下沉而比重轻的气液组分上浮)而无法产生富集成矿物质的热液(详见本文第2节第2段),故“岩浆期后热液矿床”应该是不成立的。在此,笔者等提出的溶离作用机制揭示了南岭钨矿之“源”的内涵。
(2)在20世纪60年代冶金部地质局的姚培慧总工程师就指出:“70%的矿与小岩体有关”(张旗,2013)。后来,“小岩体成大矿”这一经验性认识得到普遍的认可(赫英,1991;许以明等,2011;祝新友等,2012)。所谓“小岩体”,就是指呈岩株、岩瘤、岩脉状产出的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(经常呈补体花岗岩产于主体花岗岩之中或周围),在南岭地区它们的出露面积通常小于1 km2(章锦统和夏卫华,1988;祝新友等,2012)。经过20 Ma以上的分离结晶作用产生的残余岩浆,虽然体积很小但携带了巨量的成矿物质(钨、助溶剂、流体),在其上升定位过程中发生了熔体与流体之间的溶离作用,溶离后的熔体和流体分别形成二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩和脉型钨矿(本文注:矿脉的体积远远小于岩体的体积,见图4)。因此,所谓的“小岩体成大矿” 暗含了“成矿母岩”与“矿床子体”之间在成因关系上的误解,正确的理解应该为:由残余岩浆一分为二的“小岩体”与“大矿”属于时空上紧密共生在一起的两个同源分体。在此,本文提出的残余岩浆被动侵位方式解释了南岭钨矿之“运”的本质。
(3)无论南岭钨矿表现为何种矿床类型(如:石英脉型、花岗岩型、伟晶岩型、云英岩型、矽卡岩型、破碎带型,据盛继福等,2015),它们都是从上升定位的残余岩浆中溶离出来成矿热液冷凝结晶形成的。所以,矿床类型的不同仅仅反映了形成环境的不同:①石英脉型:成矿热液向上进入张性裂隙后,冷凝而成含黑钨矿石英脉,如湖南宜章县瑶岗仙钨矿;②花岗岩型:成矿热液弥散在燕山早期的二长花岗岩中发生矿化,花岗岩即为矿体,如福建清流县行洛坑钨矿;③伟晶岩型:成矿热液聚集在二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩上方的张性空间,冷凝结晶成伟晶岩,伟晶岩即矿体,如江西崇义县茅坪钨矿;④云英岩型:成矿热液对顶部花岗岩交代同时形成云英岩和黑钨矿,云英岩即为矿体,如江西崇义县牛角窝钨矿;⑤矽卡岩型:成矿热液进入碳酸盐岩,发生矽卡岩化交代作用,同时白钨矿沉淀下来,矽卡岩即为矿体,如湖南郴州市柿竹园钨矿;⑥隐爆角砾岩型:残余岩浆快速向上侵位时,由于温压骤降导致溶离出来的气体急剧膨胀而引起爆炸,通道周围的岩石被炸成棱角状碎块,成矿热液充填在角砾的空隙中形成矿石,如江西大余县八仙脑钨矿。在此,本文提出的伸展环境中成矿热液的终端行为演绎了南岭钨矿之“储”的形式。
(4)所有的南岭钨矿都或多或少地富集其它共生金属元素(Sn、Bi、Mo、U、Nb、Ta等),构成钨—多金属矿床,如:千里山W—Sn矿、师姑山W—Bi矿、黄沙坪W—Mo矿、石人嶂W—U矿、大吉山W—Nb—Ta矿。这些共生金属元素无一例外都是花岗岩浆分离结晶作用过程中的不相容元素,从而在一定温压条件下与某些挥发分发生络合作用(如:B与Sn、S与Mo、CO3与U、F与Nb—Ta等),造成钨—多金属共同富集在残余花岗岩浆中,后者上升定位后形成钨—多金属矿床。宏观地说,在燕山晚期(130~140 Ma)南岭地区爆发了一次大规模的与燕山晚期花岗岩有关的多金属(W、Sn、Bi、Mo、U、Nb、Ta等)成矿作用(表1)。
(5)华仁民(2005)认为,“花岗岩是地壳物质部分熔融—侵位的产物,而矿床则是在一定的构造动力学条件下由于热和流体的作用使岩石中分散的金属元素迁移—集中的产物,因此,可以产生较大的‘成岩—成矿时差’”,其数值可以为:10 Ma(西华山钨矿; 据华仁民,2005)、>10 Ma(大吉山钨矿; 据华仁民,2005)、13 Ma(西华山钨矿; 据刘家齐等,2002)、10~20 Ma(芙蓉锡矿和柿竹园多金属矿; 据华仁民,2005)、20 Ma(芙蓉锡矿; 据蒋少涌等,2006。塘唇钨矿; 据卢友月等,2019)、>20 Ma(烂头山锡矿; 据华仁民,2005)。对照表2中的花岗岩和矿床的形成年龄,笔者等认为,如果把(燕山早期的)黑云母二长花岗岩(主体花岗岩)当作“成矿母岩”(见第1节内的参考文献)就会产生“成岩—成矿时差”(本文注:成矿年龄测定方法的精度问题导致了上述大小不等的“成岩—成矿时差”,但是,它们的最大值正好接近于表2中燕山早期主体花岗岩与燕山晚期钨矿形成年龄的差值);相反,如果把(燕山晚期的)二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩(补体花岗岩)当作“成矿母岩”(见第1节内的参考文献),就不会产生“成岩—成矿时差”,正如马星华等(2016)提到的,“部分学者开始注意到补体花岗岩的侵位往往比主体花岗岩晚十几至二十个Ma, 成矿与补体花岗岩侵位年龄接近”。
(6)因为成矿热液来自岩浆房中的残余花岗岩浆,而后者又来自150~160 Ma形成的岩浆房中的黑云母二长花岗岩浆,所以,成矿物质很可能继承了初始的黑云母二长花岗岩浆中的同位素成分,导致许多成矿年龄显现为150~160 Ma。另外,许多钨矿产出在150~160 Ma的黑云母二长花岗岩中,它们的同位素成分也不同程度地受到该花岗岩的同化混染。一个有力的证据是,钨矿脉中的热液锆石常常包裹了155 Ma黑云母二长花岗岩中的岩浆锆石(Wang Xiang et al.,2021)。在此,笔者等举一个很有代表性的实例,来说明150~160 Ma成矿年龄产生的可能原因。张文兰等(2009)利用(矿石)辉钼矿Re-Os法测定(江西)木梓园钨钼矿的成矿年龄,获得三组不同的年龄:150.5~155.0 Ma、142.0~147.0 Ma、132.0±6.3 Ma。尽管该文的结论是,“可能反应了木梓园钨钼矿存在着三个成矿阶段”(张文兰等,2009),但是,根据木梓园矿区“三位一体”(即:黑云母二长花岗岩—白云母碱长花岗岩—钨钼矿)的地质情况(张文兰等,2009),笔者等合理地推测:150.5~155.0 Ma代表黑云母二长花岗岩浆产生或/和定位的年龄、142.0~147.0 Ma代表两期岩浆活动的混合(混染)年龄、132.0±6.3 Ma代表真正的成矿年龄(即二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩的结晶年龄)。完全相同的情况也出现在西华山钨矿和天门山钨矿,前者有155 Ma、146 Ma和137 Ma“三期成矿作用”(李晓峰等,2008),后者具有133~156 Ma的“成矿年龄”(曾载淋等,2009)。还有更多的作者发现南岭钨矿具有与上述情况近似的“二期成矿作用年龄”,如:柿竹园钨锡矿的153.4±0.2 Ma和134.0±1.6 Ma成矿年龄(毛景文等,2004)、茅坪钨矿的152.5±1.3 Ma和130.1±1.2 Ma成矿年龄(Legros et al.,2020),等等。笔者等认可150~160 Ma“成矿年龄”的大量存在,这必然是有原因的(如上述),但未必真是成矿作用的年龄(如前述)。关键在于,能否对这个“主成矿期”给出一个自洽性的解释?即:能否建立一个与这个“主成矿期”匹配的包含“源—运—储”成矿过程的成矿模式(即使针对其中的某一个环节)?
尽管大量的150~160 Ma成矿年龄被认为是南岭钨矿的“主成矿期”(毛景文等,2007;付建明等,2007;程顺波等,2014),但是基于南岭地区构造应力场转变(从挤压向伸展)发生在~140 Ma(李献华等,1997),笔者等认为,南岭钨矿的“次成矿期”(即130~140 Ma,据付建明等,2013;程顺波等,2014)代表真正的成矿时代。邓晋福等(1999)认为,“最宏伟的成矿流体系统应来自一个地区岩浆活动旋回的晚期和末期,深部岩浆房接近全部固结的时候”。而Mitcheoo and Garson(1981)、Fogliata 等(2012)、Wang Xiang 等(2017, 2021)认为, 钨锡成矿作用仅与造山后花岗岩有关, 因为导致造山后花岗岩侵位的张性断裂也为成矿物质的“运与储”提供了最有利的空间条件(Groves and Bierlein,2007;Basto Neto et al.,2009)。
根据南岭地区的燕山期花岗岩产状和岩性特征及其与构造运动的关系,笔者等认为,燕山早期黑云母二长花岗岩和燕山晚期二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩来自同一岩浆房,这意味着它们的岩浆房经历了20 Ma以上的分离结晶作用,从而在岩浆房上端分异出富含成矿物质的残余花岗岩浆。在燕山晚期,南岭地区的伸展作用达到高潮,该残余花岗岩浆沿着张性断裂快速侵位而发生了流体—熔体之间的溶离作用,其流体部分形成含黑钨矿的石英脉,而其熔体部分固结为二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩。因此,130~140 Ma的二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩与钨矿是一对同源分体,两者的同步出现展示了(成矿物质)“源—运—储”完整的成矿过程。
本文提出的,广泛出现于南岭地区的燕山早期主体花岗岩(黑云母二长花岗岩)—燕山晚期补体花岗岩(二云母/白云母碱长花岗岩)—燕山晚期钨矿“三位一体”的成矿模式,不仅可以合理地解释与岩浆热液矿床有关的许多地质现象(如:“小岩体成大矿”),而且更新了岩浆热液成矿作用理论(本文的假说具有更好的“源—运—储”成矿过程的自洽性),故在今后的(深部)找矿勘探中将显现出不可估量的指导意义。
致谢:在成文过程中,审稿专家和章雨旭研究员提供了宝贵的意见;南京大学陆建军教授对修改稿作了大量的润色工作;本课题的前期工作得到南京大学陈洁、黄品赟和王耀研究生的有力帮助,在此一并表示衷心的感谢!谨以此文献给南京大学地球科学与工程学院和中国地质学会100华诞。
注 释/Notes
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