无症状COVID-19儿童发生率:系统评价与Meta分析

2022-03-23 21:48王缉干,唐曲梅,莫致荣
右江医学 2022年2期
关键词:流行病学儿科发生率

王缉干,唐曲梅,莫致荣

【摘要】 目的 系统分析在确诊为COVID-19的儿童患者中,了解无症状COVID-19儿童发生率,为疫情的防控提供临床实践参考。

方法 搜索了英文数据库PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、约翰·霍普金斯大学公布数据,以及中文数据库CNKI、万方、重庆维普数据。回顾性分析2020年1月31至2021年4月30日关于COVID-19儿童临床特征的文献,采用 R.3.6.3 软件进行 Meta 分析,通过随机效应元分析来计算加权平均流行率和95%置信区间(CI)或加权平均均值及95% CI。

结果 一共56篇文献,包括15 378人次患儿纳入研究。26篇研究来自国外研究,男女比例为1.10∶1,无症状儿童患者发生率24.12%(95% CI:20.41%~27.83%);按照中國与中国以外的亚组分析发现,中国无症状儿童发生率是24.97%(95% CI:18.37%~31.56%),欧洲国家发生率是23.83%(95% CI:16.79%~30.86%),美洲国家发生率是16.94%(95% CI:7.81%~26.06%),亚洲其他国家发生率是35.21%(95% CI:4.10%~66.32%)。而具有流行病学病史占89.37%(95% CI:84.73%~93.26%)。

结论 无症状COVID-19儿童发生率较高,无症状COVID-19儿童是最容易漏诊的,因此无症状COVID-19儿童是疫情防控的重点。

【关键词】 新型冠状病毒病;无症状COVID-19儿童;Meta分析

中图分类号:R729 文献标志码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2022.02.003

Incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in children: systematic review and Meta-analysis

[HJ2][HJ]

WANG Jigan, TANG Qumei, MO Zhirong

(Pediatrics Department, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Clinical Medical Research Center for Pediatric Diseases, Nanning 530003, Guangxi, China)

【Abstract】 Objective To systematically analyze the incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 among children diagnosed with COVID-19, so as to provide clinical practice reference for epidemic prevention and control.

Methods The data published by PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Johns Hopkins University in English and CNKI, Wanfang and Chongqing VIP in Chinese were searched. Literature on the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children from January 31, 2020 to April 30, 2021 was analyzed retrospectively. R.3.6.3 software was used for Meta-analysis, and weighted average prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) or weighted average value and 95% CI were calculated by random effect Meta-analysis.

Results A total of 56 articles, including 15 378 children were included in the study. 26 studies were from abroad, male to female ratio was 1.10∶1, the incidence of asymptomatic children was 24.12% (95% CI:20.41%-27.83%). According to subgroup analysis between China and other countries, the incidence of asymptomatic children in China was 24.97% (95% CI:18.37%-31.56%), that in European countries was 23.83% (95% CI: 16.79%-30.86%), that in American countries was 16.94% (95% CI: 7.81%-26.06%), and that in other countries in Asia was 35.21% (95% CI: 4.10%-66.32%). However, epidemiological history accounted for 89.37% (95% CI: 84.73%-93.26%).

Conclusion The incidence of asymptomatic COVID-19 in children is high, and children with asymptomatic COVID-19 are the most likely to miss diagnosis. Therefore, asymptomatic COVID-19 children are the focus of epidemic prevention and control.

【Key words】 COVID-2019; asymptomatic COVID-2019; children; Meta-analysis

2019年底首次报道新型冠状病毒病(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),这种疾病在几个月内迅速蔓延到全世界,并于2020年3月被世卫组织宣布为全球大流行,成为全球性的重大公共卫生事件,严重威胁人民生命安全和身体健康,对全球经济造成重大影响[1]。在疫情早期儿童报道的人数比较少,认为儿童是不易感染的人群[2],但是伴随着疫情的发展,儿童病例的报道[3~4],甚至重症病例的报道[5],人们才开始关注儿童这个特殊群体。在成人患者中,大部分患者临床症状包括发热、咳嗽以及乏力,而死亡者大部分是伴心脑血管疾病、糖尿病等一种以上基础疾病的中老年患者,诊断时间越晚(发病至诊断时间超过5 天),死亡风险越高[6]。大多数儿童的临床症状相对较轻,临床主要表现为发热、干咳、疲劳。少数儿童有上呼吸道症状,如鼻塞、流鼻涕和喉咙痛。部分受感染的新生儿和儿童可能出现不典型的症状,表现为胃肠道症状,如呕吐、腹泻或仅精神不振、气短[7]。由于儿童症状较轻,所以部分确诊为COVID-19的儿童是无临床症状感染者,而这部分无症状感染者我们常常漏诊,导致疫情扩散,引起严重后果[8]。

1 资料与方法

1.1 病例定义

无症状COVID-19指无临床症状,呼吸道等标本新型冠状病毒病原学或血清特异性Ig M抗体检测阳性者。确诊COVID-19病例指有相关流行病学史、临床表现并核酸检测阳性者[9]。

1.2 检索策略

计算机检索 PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、约翰·霍普金斯大学公布数据,以及中文数据库CNKI、万方、重庆维普数据,搜集报道 COVID-19 儿童胸部CT特征的文献,检索时限为2020 年 1 月31日至 2021 年4月 30日。同时采用网上数据库检索和手工检索,并追溯纳入文献的参考文献。检索采用主题词和自由词相结合的方式,并根据不同数据库特点进行调整。中文搜索词“儿童”“新型冠状病毒”“流行病学”“临床表现”“无症状”,不限语言与国家。PubMed搜索策略:#1 (children) OR (child) OR (kid)OR(pediatric)、#2(clinical feature) OR (epidemiology) OR (characteristics)、#3(2019-nCoV) OR (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV-2) OR (Corona Virus Disease 2019)、#1AND#2AND#3。

1.3 文献筛选与数据提取

由2名研究员分别独立检索并筛选文献、收集数据并交叉核对。如有争议,则通过讨论或与第三名研究员协商解决。

1.4 文献纳入标准

①研究类型: 队列研究、病例对照研究、病例分析。②研究对象: 确诊为 COVID-19 的儿童患者。③观察指标: 包括患者临床表现、流行病学接触病史、无症状患者人数。

1.5 文献排除标准

①同一个研究重复发表的文献;②短篇病例报道;③分析数据不全或缺失,联系作者也无法获得数据的文献。

1.6 文献质量评价

本次纳入研究为病例系列研究,采用英国国立临床优化研究所(National Institute for Clinical Excellence,NICE)的推荐意见进行质量评价。评价的条目有:①病例系列中病例最好来自不同级别的医疗机构,开展多中心研究;②清楚明确描述研究假说或目的;③清楚地报告纳入排除标准;④对测量的结局做出明确定义;⑤收集的数据应达到预期目标;⑥准确描述患者是连续招募的;⑦清楚明确描述研究主要发现;⑧将结局进行分层分析及报告。每个条目为一分,满分 8 分,总分≥4 分为高质量研究[10]。由 2 名研究员独立进行质量评价,并交叉核对结果。

1.7 统计学方法

采用 R.3.6.3 软件进行 Meta 分析。在进行Meta分析之前,对原始率及按四种估计方法进行转换后的率进行正态性检验,估计方法如下:“PRAW”(没有转换的原始率), “PLN”(对数转换), “PLOGIT”(logit转换), “PAS”(反正弦转换),“PFT”(Freeman-Tukey双重反正弦转换)。根据异质性选择随机模型以及固定模型,根据每个独立研究的样本量大小,给予不同的权重,对各独立样本的效应量率进行合并算出发生率以及95%的可信区间,最后制作漏斗图,结合Egger法对发表偏倚进行统计学检验。

2 结 果

2.1 文献筛选流程及结果

初检共获得相关文献1070篇,删除重复的文献453篇,剩余文献根据阅读题目和摘要删除453篇,最后经逐层筛选后,一共56篇文献[11~56],包括15 378人次患儿纳入研究。26篇来自国外的研究,男女比例:1.10∶1。文献筛选流程及结果见图 1。

2.2 文献基本特征及质量评价

纳入研究的质量评分为4~8 分,均为高质量研究(≥4 分),所有扣分原因是因为不是多中心研究。见表1。

2.3 Meta 分析

2.3.1 无症状儿童总发生率及洲际发生率

COVID-19无症状儿童发生率为24.12%(95%CI:20.41%~27.83%),见图2。按照中国与中国以外国家的亚组分析发现,中国无症状儿童发生率是24.97%(95%CI:18.37%~31.56%),欧洲国家发生率是23.83%(95%CI:16.79%~30.86%),美洲國家发生率是16.94%(95%CI:7.81%~26.06%),亚洲其他国家发生率是35.21%(95%CI:4.10%~66.32%)。见图3。

2.3.2 亞组分析

本研究异质性较大I2 (96%),为探索异质性来源,按研究对象所在区域分类,结果显示:各亚组分析结果(99%,99%,92%和96%)与总体结果基本一致,各亚组异质性与总体异质性也无统计学意义,说明研究对象所在区域不是异质性的主要来源。见图3。

2.3.3 流行病学接触史

有流行病学接触史的占89.37%(95%CI:84.73%~93.26%)。见图4。

2.4 敏感性分析

针对无症状发生率,我们软件依次剔除(除了文献[61~62]以外)每项研究后重新合并统计量,结果均未发生方向明显改变,提示结果较稳定。见图5。

2.5 发表偏倚

针对无症状人数观察指标的Meta分析绘制漏斗图,结果显示,各研究点左右分布对称性不佳(图6),Egger’s检验的P值为 0.5184,提示可能存在发表偏倚。

3 讨 论

目前,全球COVID-19感染病例数仍在持续发展,无症状感染者可能在传播过程中起着重要作用。无症状患者,顾名思义就是无任何临床症状,是通过询问流行病学病史后通过病毒核酸检测确诊的,但无症状患者并非单纯病毒核酸检测阳性,其他实验室检查是有阳性发现的。我国学者陈军等人[8]对深圳市第三人民医院确诊的20例无症状患者发现13例(65%)胸部CT显示以单发或多发的肺叶中外带或胸膜下小结节影、斑片状影和磨玻璃样影为主要特征,其中1例伴有胸腔积液,1例肺实变影,1例发现肺大疱。血常规发现5例有白细胞升高,2例白细胞降低。

无症状感染者与有症状感染者中,我国有学者认为两者流行特征是有差异的[67],在性别方面无统计学意义,但在年龄方面,青少年所占比例明显比老年人所占比例高,可能因为青少年体质较好不容易有临床表现。而职业亦存在差异,无症状感染人群中工人、学生所占比例较高,而退休人员所占比例较低,当然职业分布差异与年龄有关。关于接触感染的发生率,浙江省宁波市的一项研究[68],报告确诊病例与无症状感染者的密切接触者人群的感染率差异(6.30%vs4.11%)无统计学意义。

总体而言,新型冠状病毒感染儿童的症状比成人的轻,因此儿童的无症状发生率会比成人的高。一项成人的荟萃分析发现无症状感染的患病率为9.0%(95%CI:5.5%~14.6%)[69]。但另外一项研究即在今年1月底调查了565名从武汉撤离的日本公民,发现无症状感染的发生率为30.8%[70]。另一个例子是“钻石公主”号游轮,其2月初在日本海域被隔离,发现无症状感染的发生率为51.7%[71]。然而,纽约最近的一项研究报告称,在33名入院时检测出SARS-CoV-2阳性的孕妇中,有29名(87.9%)没有任何临床症状[72]。这是一个十分可怕的数据,我们之前严重低估了无症状患者的人数,因为我们往往会漏诊这类病人,而无症状患者也有一定传染性的[73],这给我们疫情的防控造成极大的困难,因而无症状感染患者是疫情防控的关键点之一。在疫情防控中,注意重点询问流行病学史,因为本研究中确诊COVID-19儿童有流行病学史占89.37%。

本文的缺点:我们发现研究之间存在很大的异质性,并且亚组之间存在显著的出版偏倚,这可能影响结果的准确性。其次,本研究在持续爆发期间进行分析,受COVID-19影响的许多地区尚未发布临床数据集,这可能会使该分析的结果产生偏差。文献按照不同的地区、医院纳入,以排除数据的重复,但似乎不能完全排除有数据的重复使用。

总之,无症状COVID-19 儿童发生率较高,而实际无症状的儿童或许比本研究(24.12%)更高,因为本文是对已经发表文献数据的汇总,还不能代替总体,毕竟我们比较少关注这个群体的检测,而只有临床症状或者有流行病学史才检测。因此在筛查新型冠状病毒肺炎儿童患者,尤其要注意无症状的儿童,不能因为患儿无临床表现而轻易放过,而询问个人流行病学病史尤其重要,最终诊断依靠呼吸道标本的病毒核酸检测这个金标准。

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(收稿日期:2021-09-22 修回日期:2021-12-05)

(编辑:梁明佩)

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