英文目录与摘要

●SYMPOSIUM:People’sSenseofGain

Introduction:Modernization of National Governance and People’s Sense of Gain

Yu-Sung Su

Economic Development and Temporal Relative Acquisition: Evidence from A Global Dataset

Chengyuan Ji & Yue Hu

AbstractTemporal relative acquisition (TRA) is the key to coordinating the relationship between inequality and social stability in rapidly modernizing countries. However， researchers rarely agree on the sources of the public’s TRA. We argue that， in addition to targeted social protection and public services， economic growth， as an inclusive distribution， can generate TRA. Based on a Bayesian method and date from 2.29 million respondents in 1695 global surveys， this article presents a global panel data of longitudinal TRA in 113 countries and regions from 1980 to 2020， and applies the within-between random effects together with a error correction model to examine the between-group， within-group， and long-term and immediate effects of economic development on TRA. The results show an inverted U-shape relationship between the level of per capita GDP and TRA; per capita GDP growth rate has a within-group， between-group， and positive relationship with the TRA; the unemployment rate has a within-group and between-group negative relationship with the TRA; and inflation has a within-group negative relationship with the TRA. These findings indicate that TRA reflects the level and speed of economic development on a subjective level. It is an important intermediate variable that explains the relationship between economic development and social stability and a new way to understand the theory of performance legitimacy．

KeyWordsTemporal Relative Acquisition;Economic Development; Dynamic Group IRT Model; Error Correction Model

A Study on the Sense of Gain from the Perspective of Political Participation:Based on CSS 2015-2019

Feng Tang & Yu-Sung Su

AbstractPolitical participation is not only the basic feature of modern politics but also the basic content of the development of socialist political civilization with Chinese characteristics as it enters a new era.Improving people’s sense of gain has become the purpose of people-centered development. It is also of great theoretical and practical significance. Existing studies mainly analyze the impact of the public’s material “achievements” as it affects their sense of gain. Would political participation affect the public’s sense of gain？ As there are different types of political participation， what are the effects of participation within the system and outside the system？ These problems have not been systematically studied and empirically analyzed.And there is ample space for theoretical discussion. This paper makes an empirical analysis on the sense of gain by using mixed cross-sectional data from the China Social Survey (CSS). Political participation is divided into network participation behavior， offline participation behavior， and grass-roots election behavior， as well as network participation willingness， offline participation willingness， and grass-roots election willingness. Sense of gain is subdivided into economic gain，a sense of political gain， and a sense of people’s livelihood. We found public participation outside the system， whether behavior (including online participation and offline participation) or the increase of willingness to participate， will significantly reduce an individual’s sense of gain. The increase of their participation behavior (grass-roots election) and willingness to participate in the system will significantly enhance their sense of gain.Public participation behavior and the willingness to participate are consistent as it relates to their influence on sense of gain.This paper closely follows the main line of China’s national governance， it also reveals how sense of gain is influenced and reconstructs its generative logic from a process perspective. In future national governance practice， we should attach more importance to political participation， constantly improve and perfect ways for individuals to participate in public life through institutional means and reduce the possibility they will seek participation outside the system．

KeyWordsPolitical Participation; Democratic Theory; Participatory Democracy; Sense of Gain

Will Public Service Participation Increase Individuals’ Sense of Gain？ ——Based on the Analysis of Moderating Effect of Government Transparency and Government Trust

Jianjun Zheng， Xuan Ma & Sijia Liu

AbstractFrom the perspective of self-determination theory and need hierarchy theory, individuals’ participation performance is an important factor affecting their sense of gain during the public service supply. Then, what conditions will affect this relationship in the process of enhancing individuals’ sense of gain through public service participation?Using 1944 empirical data collected from 40 communities and villages in 3 provinces， we analyzed and examined the influence mechanisms and their boundary conditions， and especially focusing on the moderating role of government transparency and government trust. Public service participation had a positive impact on individuals’ sense of gain， and government transparency and government trust， respectively， had significant and high order moderating effects on the relationship between the two. To be more specific， only when the government had a high level of transparency did the public service participation of individuals have a significant and positive impact on their sense of gain.When individuals had low trust in government and its transparency， the effect of public service participation on sense of gain was no longer salient. This article focuses on participation in public service supply and expands the research perspective to individuals’ sense of gain. Our research findings provide direction for improving the sense of gain in the context of governmental-civilian interactions and for building a modernized governance pattern of co-construction， co-governance， and sharing．

KeyWordsSense of Gain; Public Service Participation; Government Transparency; Government Trust; High Order Moderation

●ARTICLES

Hierarchical Discipline: The Institutional Logics and Operational Mechanisms of Government Performance Ranking

Qingduo Mao & Tian Gan

AbstractRanking is not only a common tool for promoting policy implementation in China， but also a representation of organizational power relations. In bureaucracy theory， tension exists between the idealized authority and the practical domination mode. To alleviate it， the concept of discipline is introduced to construct a framework, namely hierarchical discipline. It takes effect through two processes: for one thing， the discipline technology can make the authority more discursive; for another， it can make the operation of power more effectively embedded in the existing bureaucratic structure. Overall， ranking makes a representative discipline technique. Foucault’s concepts are used to construct the institutional logics and operational mechanisms of bureaucratic discipline. Knowledge， distribution， and panoption make the institutional logics， and the operational mechanisms include hierarchical surveillance， normative adjudication， and inspection. This study blends bureaucracy theory with discipline theory， which can empirically explain the significance of ranking tools.It also responds to the emerging trend of post-modern public administration．

KeyWordsRanking; Power; Bureaucracy; Discipline; Panoption

How Does the Judiciary Influence the Policy Process？ A Comparative Case Study of Local Governments’ Central Task

Miao Xiang & Jianxing Yu

AbstractJudicial governance is the legalization and judicialization of governance; it also emphasizes the significant influence of the judiciary on the policy process. Under what circumstances does China’s judiciary cooperate with or restrain government action？ How does local government respond to judicial influence？ Based on an analysis of the central government’s demolition policy as a task of the provincial party committee and the provincial government， this paper compares two cases in different regions where county-level leading small groups were involved in administrative lawsuits. We found the judicial-administrative relationship manifested as judicial cooperation in the policy formulation stage， administrative superiority in the policy implementation stage， the coexistence of cooperation and constraints in the policy review stage， and judicial advice in the policy feedback stage. Policy review and judicial decision-making are the crucial aspects of judicial governance， but the review results are related to the nature of the administrative task. The judiciary will cooperate with government actions for special central tasks and politicized policy implementation. But it will restrain the government’s behavior and impose hard legal constraints for general central tasks or routine policy implementation. Meanwhile， the pressure of policy enforcement and legal accountability jointly shape the local government’s strategic response to the judiciary. When the pressure of policy implementation is low and the pressure of legal accountability is high， the local government tends to respond to the judiciary and change any illegal policy implementation behavior. Combining the perspectives of policy process and judicial analysis， this paper focuses on the path of judicial influence on policy process and the adaptive response of the local government to a central task assignment.It also provides a new approach for the study of local governance and local government behavior．

KeyWordsLocal Government; Leading Small Group; Central Task; Policy Implementation; Administration by Law

Embedding， Absorption and Decoupling: Local Governments Multiple Environmental Policy Adoption Modes

Changkun Cai & Zheying Yang

AbstractTo understand environmental governance in China， we must open the black box of local governments’ responses to central policies. Different from the existing research that regards the environmental policy response behaviors of the local government as policy implementation， this study believes adoption is not the same as implementation. In the process of adoption， local governments have sufficient space to translate or transpose central policies. Based on the perspective of the inhabited institution， we constructed a framework to analyze the institutional modes of local governments’ adoption of environmental policies. Then， based on this framework， we traced the process of adopting the River and Lake Chief System in Wuxi， Guangzhou， and Wuhan. Through comparative case analysis， we found that as the central policy enters the field of local government as an exogenous shock， the local government had three institutional modes for policy adoption: embedding (Wuxi)， absorption (Guangzhou)， and decoupling (Wuhan). The differences are determined by the following factors: the institutional logic in the field of local environmental governance， including the institutional arrangements of environmental governance and cultural-cognitive elements; the structure of the relationship between the government and society; and local governments’ opportunity cognition of the River and Lake Chief System. This research breaks through the existing perspective of a unified central-local structure.It emphasizes instead the importance of time and local context and reveals the complex processes and mechanisms of local governments’ environmental policy adoption．

KeyWordsEnvironmental Policy; Policy Adoption; Embedding; Absorption; Decoupling

Can “Learning from the Experience of Developed Countries” in Policy Advocacy Improve Public Policy Support？ A Case Study of Property Tax Policy

Hanchen Jiang， Yingdan Lu & Xiao Tang

AbstractSince the reform and opening-up， the phrase of “learning from the experience of developed countries” has often appeared in China’s policy advocacy. However， whether this phrase can increase public support is an untested question. This study uses property tax policy， which is commonly adopted in developed countries but has not been fully implemented in China， as a specific research object， and uses an online survey experiment to identify the effect of such information provision on public policy support. We found: (1) with regard to the whole survey sample， information provided about the tax policy of developed countries did not significantly influence public support for domestic property tax policy; (2) for young and low-income respondents， this information significantly reduced their support for domestic property tax policy; and (3)it significantly reduced respondents’ perception that a property tax is suitable for China’s national conditions. The results suggest China’s policy makers should carefully use the phrase “learning from the experience of developed countries” in any future advocacy for major policies such as property tax， delayed retirement， and family planning. They should pay special attention to the heterogeneous impacts on policy support of different groups．

KeyWordsDeveloped Countries’ Policy Information; Policy Support; Survey Experiment; Property Tax

From Point to Network: The Change of Pairing Relationship of East-West Cooperation from the Perspective of Common Prosperity

Qin Liang

AbstractHow can east-west cooperation propel common prosperity from vision to reality？ As this study suggests， the key to achieving common prosperity lies in regional balanced development， which is inseparable from the paired assistance of developed regions and underdeveloped regions. From the theoretical perspective of cross regional governance and historical institutionalism， this research presents the basic process， overall characteristics， and internal logic of the networked pairing relationship of east-west cooperation. The initial state of the pairing relationship is an unbalanced cross domain subject structure relationship. From historical practice， the pairing trends from “point axis” to “network”， constantly reshaping the space-time structure of resource exchange among regions that strengthens economic and social interaction.In the end， structural form and wealth distribution tend to be balanced. In essence， the networked pairing relationship of east-west cooperation is constructed by the central authority， which reflects an extension of the national governance structure.It is also conducive to transforming political mobilization into social mobilization and resource matching into resource creation. Among them， the evolution of governance efficiency and governance equity， the transformation of campaign-style governance and bureaucratic governance， and the drive of performance incentive and performance constraint jointly affect the change of the pairing relationship of east-west cooperation．

KeyWordsEast-West Cooperation; Common Prosperity; Pairing Relationship; Cross Regional Governance

The Nonprofit Fundraising Strategies in a Magnitude Outburst Public Health Incident Context from the Third Distribution Perspective:Based upon Individual Donation Experiment

Yuan Tian & Jialiang Xu

Abstract“Third distribution” and “philanthropy development” are important national strategies announced by the communique of the fourth and fifth plenary sessions of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Nonprofits play critical roles in these national strategies. Existing research suggests it is common for nonprofit organizations to step in the “nonprofit starvation cycle”， yet the current fundraising strategies responding to these issues have often been tested in normal contexts rather than in emergent contexts. To fill this knowledge gap， we conducted a survey experiment to randomize participants into different groups to test how solicitation messages affect individual donations in the magnitude outburst public health incidents. The empirical finding suggests the overhead aversion also exists in emergent contexts. In addition， individuals become more sensitive to a nonprofit’s performance and transparency. Neither low performance nor transparency may lead to less donations. Meanwhile， if individuals need to cover overhead with their donations， they will be less likely to donate and will donate less. This study sheds light on different perspectives. Our findings suggest policy makers should consider making a distinction in the nonprofit overhead ratio between normal and emergent contexts. Second，government could consider setting up national grants to cover nonprofit overhead. Third， nonprofits could extend their collaborative relationships to build a more flexible overhead support system. Finally， government can work with universities to develop a more reliable and valid overhead indicator to help the public avoid “low overhead” and “zero overhead” bias.

KeyWordsThird Distribution；Magnitude Outburst Public Health Incident； Nonprofit Fundraising；Individual Response；Donation Experiment

●THEORETICALREVIEWS

Chinese Government Innovation and Public Governance Reform: Literature Review and Exploration of Theoretical Implications

Qi Zhao & Xin Gu

AbstractsGovernment and policy innovations are not only practical issues of China’s economic reform in the new era， but also a major theoretical issue in public management. This article systematically reviews the literature of Chinese government innovation and its theoretical implications. These studies are analyzed to discover research themes， the definitions， levels and types of innovation， theories，etc. After analyzing 584 Chinese-and English-language articles published between 1990 and 2021， we found: (1) research orientation and methods are partially biased or dominated by normative and qualitative research; (2) the definition of government innovation is vague， and the type of actions focus on incremental innovation with less risk; (3) the current research focuses on municipal-level innovation， does not pay much attention to grass-roots innovation， and ignores substantial innovations at the provincial， national， and transnational levels; (4) the policy fields are relatively limited， and the transformative power from interdisciplinary areas usually goes unnoticed; (5) theoretical exploration has achieved progress， but it has not contributed to the theory of governance reform. In the future， scholars should deepen government innovation research in China.In addition to the development of diversification in orientation and method， it should introduce “creative destruction” from innovation economics and the perspective of collaborative-interactive governance from governance theory. Furthermore， we should expand the “collaborative innovation” theory and summarize the implications of Chinese practice for public governance reform， to enshrine more insight in the field of Chinese government innovation．

KeyWordsPolicy Innovation; Policy Experimentation; Public Governance; Collaborative Innovation Collaborative Governance