⊙王玥[中国海洋大学,山东 青岛 266100]
《CONFUCIAN ANALECTS》作者理雅各(James Legge,1815—1897),英国汉学家,伦敦布道会传教士,是第一个系统研究并翻译中国古代典籍的人。他自1841年便开始翻译中国经典,在1861年至1872年的十一年里,理雅各翻译了儒家经典的“四书”和“五经”中的《诗经》《尚书》《春秋》,以“中国儒家经典”(The Chinese Classic)之名由香港伦敦传道会印刷所先后印刷出版。
本书一开始简单介绍了作者理雅各的生平及其学术生涯。其后并有一篇系列丛书总序、一篇本书总序和一篇导读来对本书及作者与本书的渊源进行介绍与评价,其序言与导读皆有中英文对应。
从体例上来看,本书目录各篇名称采用原《论语》各篇的音译,而篇中的“章”则以数字编号。每章正文分两部分,分别为汉字繁体竖排的《论语》正文和英文翻译。
其正文翻译以直译为主。首先,译文注重对原文句式语气的还原。如:“人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”其译文为:“Is he not a man of complete virtue,who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?”再如:“颜渊死,子曰:‘噫!天丧予!天丧予!’”其译文为:“When Yen Yuen died,the Master said,‘Alas! Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me!’”
其次,对于人物的称呼和某些特定词语的翻译也尽量追求符合原文的文化习惯,在尽量尊重原文原意的前提下选取较易为读者所理解的词句,并于其后通过举例,对其做详细而通俗的解释。如孔子的称呼采用更带有敬意的“The Master”,而不是将“子”直译孔子,并对原文中孔子的称呼做了解释:“子,at the commencement,indicates Confucius.子,‘a son’,is also the common designation of males,—especially of virtuous men.We find it,in conversations,used in the same ways as our ‘Sir’.When it follows the surname,it is equivalent to our ‘Mr.’ or may be rendered ‘the philosopher’,‘the scholar’,‘the officer’,etc.”
如“天”“天命”之类的词,理雅各尽量不采用类似“God”等更符合西方文化的方式来进行翻译,而是用“Heaven”“The decrees of heaven”等更符合原文、更接近直译的词语。如上述的“Heaven is destroying me”,再如“五十而知天命”则译为“At fifty,I knew the decrees of heaven”。
再次,《论语》原文有的是无主语句,甚至残缺句,其上下文也多无明显的连词用以衔接或连贯。译文则在尽量与原文句式保持一致的基础上,适当地用完整且连贯的英文句式进行翻译,使之更为紧凑,也便于读者阅读和理解。而对于同一章中连缀而意思不相关联的句子,其文则先于原文标注“节”,而后译文按编号分别翻译、注释。
书中每章之后都有尾注,是有关于这一章的统一注释,包括对论语原文和译文的词语进行解释,并说明如是翻译的缘由。如此不仅使翻译和注释融合成一体,且对读者理解原文的意义亦具有重要的参考价值。如上面提到的“天命”翻译,其注释则为:“‘The decrees of Heaven’=the things decreed by Heaven,the constitution of things making what was proper to be so.”将“天命”译为类似“万物之所以为万物之道”,将原文的“形”和“意”都表现了出来,与为了更符合西方文化而将之翻译为“The truth in religion”的辜鸿铭译本相较,则似乎更忠于原著。此外,在章后的注释中,又带有对《论语》相关知识背景的介绍,并标明其在中文相关典籍的出处。如《学而篇》第一章后,有一段对于“论语”一词的意思及《论语》的成书背景的介绍。
在对于较难理解、解释的章节或语句上,理雅各译本亦能有恰当的把握。如《为政篇》的“子曰:‘君子不器。’”理雅各在译文的正文中直译为:“The Master said,‘The accomplished scholar is not a utensil.’”然后,他于注释中解释为“This is not like our Eng.Saying,that ‘such a man is a machine’,—a blind instrument.A utensil has its particular use.It answers for that and no other.Not so with the superior man,who is ad omnia paratus(拉丁语,准备好了一切)”。这就将“器”的含义较为还原地解释了出来。
再如《为政篇》的“子曰:‘君子周而不比,小人比而不周。’”其译文为:“The Master said,‘The superior man is catholic and not partisan.The mean man is partisan and not catholic.’”其注释为:“比,here low.3d tone,‘partial’,‘partizanly’.The sent,is this—‘With the Keun-tsze,it is principles not men;with the small man,the reverse.’”其亦将“比”和“周”中含有原则、道义的意思适当地解释了出来。
对于如“君子”“仁”这类在不同语境有特定含义的词,理雅各亦能结合语境,用不同的词语对其进行翻译。如“君子”在“人不知而不愠,不亦君子乎?”和“君子食无求饱”中,便译为“a man of complete virtue”;而在“君子不重则不威”中,则译为“scholar”;在“君子不器”中又译为“accomplished scholar”,在“君子周而不比”中则又译为“superior man”。还有在同一章中译法不同的,如在“子曰:‘君子无所争,必也射乎!揖让而升,下而饮,其争也君子。’”中,“君子”便分别译为“The student of virtue”和“Keun-tsze”。对于“仁”,其翻译亦是多样。如在“我未见好仁者”中译为“virtue”;在“巧言令色,鲜矣仁”中便译为“true virtue”;在“人而不仁,如礼何”中,又译为“the virtue proper to humanity”;在“子贡曰:‘如有博施于民而能济众,何如?可谓仁乎?’”中译为“perfectly virtuous”。
而对于在原文中变有歧义或有多种解释的词句,理雅各则没有都进行细致罗列与分析,而是采用了较为通行的说法进行翻译与解释。如“楚狂接舆歌而过孔子”中“接舆”则直接音译,并于后注释为:“Ts’ëěyu was the designation of one luh T’ung(陸通),a native of Ts’oo,who feigned himself mad,to escape being importuned to engage in public service.There are several notices of him in the 集澄,in loc.It must have been about the year,B.C.489,that the incident in the text occurred.By the fung,his satirizer or adviser intended Confucius;see Ⅸ.8.”
如上,则注释亦没有提到关于此处的其他说法或争议,也没有对“接舆”做更细致的考究。如杨伯峻《论语译注》中谈到的说法:“接舆——曹之升《四书摭余说》云:‘《论语》所记隐士皆以其事名之。门者谓之“晨门”,杖者谓之“丈人”,津者谓之“沮”“溺”,接孔子之舆者谓之“接舆”,非名亦非字也。’”
隧道管片的受力比较接近于单向受力状态,管片的疲劳寿命是由其拉、压状态共同决定的。因此,采用单轴受拉疲劳经验公式(7)[29]来对管片进行受力计算,采用单轴受压疲劳经验公式(8)[30]对管片的疲劳寿命进行验算,其计算公式如下:
再如:“攻乎异端,斯害也已。”译文为:“The study of strange doctrines is injurious indeed!”其注释为:
攻,often “to attack”,as an enemy,here=“to apply one’s-self to”,“to study”.端,“correct”;then,“beginnings”,“first principles”;here=“doctrines”.也已,as in 1.14.In Conf.Time Buddhism was not in China,and we can hardly suppose him to intend Taouism.Indeed,we are ignorant to what doctrines he referred,but his maxim is of gen.application.
其译文并未对此段话的多重解读进行罗列或考证,而是将最具有指导意义的说法作为译文的底本进行翻译,并于最后强调了他如此翻译的缘由。
由于东西方文化的巨大差异,理雅各译本难以将《论语》深厚的内涵充分展现给西方读者,但其译笔严谨、用词考究的风格使其译本不失为一部《论语》译本中的佼佼者。
《The Analects of Confucius:A Philosophical Translation》作者为安乐哲(Roger T.Ames)、罗思文(Henry Rosemont,Jr.)。安乐哲(Roger T.Ames)是夏威夷大学中国哲学教授,兼中国研究中心主任;亦是《东西哲学》(Philosophy East &West)和《国际中国评论杂志》(China Review International)两个刊物的主编。他早年所译的《孙子:战争的艺术》(Sun-Tzu:The Art of Warfare),被公认为当代中国军事和哲学研究的里程碑式的著作。罗思文(Henry Rosemont,Jr.)是马里兰大学圣玛丽学院特聘教授,著作有《中国之镜》(A Chinese Mirror)、《理性与宗教体验》(Rationality and Religious Experience)、《有普世的宗教语法吗》(Is There a Universal Grammar of Religion?)等。
本书在开头的导言中介绍了一些《论语》的相关背景知识。在第一部分“Historical and Textual Background”(历史文本背景)中,包括Master Kong/Confucius(孔子)、The Disciples(孔门弟子)、The Text(论语的成书)和Other Canonical Tradition(其他儒家经典)的 介 绍。在“Philosophic and Linguistic Background”(哲学和语言学背景)中,分成了“Metaphysics,With Reference to Language”(关于语言的形而上学)、“Language,With Reference to Metaphysics”(关于形而上学的语言)、“Classical Chinese:How Does It Mean?”(文言文是什么?)和“The Chinese Lexicon”(术语解释)这几个板块进行了介绍。在这些相关背景知识介绍中,作者讨论了很多关于《论语》中特殊词语的翻译和理解的问题,包括内涵丰富、较难翻译和理解的“天”“仁”“礼”“信”“义”“智”“心”“和”“德”“善”“文”“孝”等,这对于读者了解其翻译方式的缘由具有重要意义。如其对于“天”的理解与翻译:“Tian is a term that we have chosen not to translate,largely because we believe its normal English rendering as ‘heaven’ cannot but conjure up images derived from the Judeo-Christian tradition that we are not to be found in China;and ‘Nature’will not work either.”这里直言对于“天”音译的原因,与其后翻译正文相结合;在本段之后还有一段对“天”的含义更为详细的分析与解释,使读者不至于在读到后文音译时感到困惑。
再如对于“仁”的理解及其翻译:“Ren,translated herein as ‘authoritative conduct’,‘to act authoritatively’,or ‘authoritative person’,is the foremost project taken up by Confucius,and occurs over one hundred times in the text.”其后还有一段从甲骨文入手,较为深入地对“仁”进行阐释与分析,使读者在阅读正文之前,就已经对《论语》中的难点有了一定的、系统的了解。
在正文目录中,其篇名采用繁体汉字原文,并配合Book1-20进行编排。正文20篇后有统一的“Notes to the Translation”对前文进行解释说明。每章正文分两部分,分别为汉字繁体横排的《论语》正文和英文翻译。
在对于某些特殊词语的翻译上,安乐哲、罗思文译本正文则尽量保持与原文一致或直接使用音译,其中不少已经在前文导言中有所提及或给予了相当详细的解释与分析,而且在书后半部分的总注释中再加以说明。如上文提到的“天”,在导言中已有详述。“颜渊死。子曰:‘噫!天丧予!天丧予!’”译文为:“When Yan Hui died,the Master cried,‘Oh my! Tian(天)is the ruin of me! Tian is the ruin of me!’”再如将“五十而知天命”译为“from fifty I realized the propensities of tian(tianming天命)”,并注释为“realizing the terrain around one”。如此,导言、正文、注释前后映照,更易理解。
而对于同一章中连缀而意思不相关联的句子,其文并未像理雅各译本那样,先于原文标注“节”,而后译文按编号分别翻译、注释;而是直接统一在一段译文中。
在对于较难理解、解释的章节或语句上,安乐哲、罗思文译本亦能有较为恰当的把握。如“君子不 器”的 译 文 为:“Exemplary persons(junzi 君 子)are not mere vessels.”其注释为:“Confucius is keen to maintain a distinction between education and training.Personal cultivation is a matter of developing character,not acquiring specific skills.”其理解与理雅各版本大题一致。同样,对于“君子周而不比,小人比而不周”的翻译与理解,安乐哲、罗思文译本也给予了很好的把握:“Exemplary persons(junzi 君 子)associating openly with others are not partisan;petty persons being partisan do not associate openly with others.”但其并没有在注释中做更多的解释。
在正文后的统一注释中,除了对译文的解释和相关文化内涵的介绍,还标明了其译文中所采用他人说法的出处。如“学而时习之,不亦说乎?”其译文为:“Having studied,to then repeatedly apply what you have learned—is this not a source of pleasure?”注释则为:
Glibert Ryle(1949)makes a distinction between“task”or “process”words such as “study”,and“achievement” or “success” words such as “learn”.Given the priority of process and change over form and stasis as the natural condition of things in classical Chinese cosmology,the language tends to favour the former.See Hall and Ames(1998):229-30 and Hall and Ames(1995):183-97.
而对于在原文中变有歧义或有多种解释的词句,安乐哲、罗思文译本则能够进行较为细致的罗列与分析,而不只是采取一个通行的说法。如:“楚狂接舆歌而过孔子”中“楚狂接舆”,其译为“A madman of Chu,Carriage Groom”,在其文后的注释中,则详细罗列了“楚狂接舆”的多种解释及其出处:
This same madman of Chu also appears in Zhuangzi 19/7/4,where he observes that exercising impositional authority is anathema to effecting social orders:
Shoulder-Us went to see the madman,Carriage Groom.The mad Carriage Groom asked him,“What has Beginning-Midday been telling you?” Shoulder-Us replied,“He told me when a ruler on his own initiative lays down the formal instruments of government,who would dare disobey or remain unreformed by them!”The mad Carriage Groom observed,“This is a ruffian’s kind of excellence(de德).As far as its bringing proper order to the world,it would be like trying to walk across the ocean,or trying to drill one’s way through a river,or trying to make a mosquito carry a mountain on its back.When the sage(shengren 聖人)governs,does he govern the external? He straightens himself out before he does anything,and is concerned precisely with being able to go about his own business—no more,no less.”
Compare Graham(1981):95.Yang Bojun(1982):193 points out that recluses appearing in the Analects are named for their occupations:for example,the “gatekeeper” in 14.38.Here,then,Jie Yu,“carriage groom,” is both a name and occupation.
在附录中,本书还提到了“定州《论语》”(The Dingzhou Analects)和“对语言、翻译和诠释的再分析”(Further Remarks on Language,Translation,and Interpretation)。在“定州《论语》”部分,译本介绍了“定州论语”的出土情况及和传世本《论语》的差异并对其进行了讨论。在“对语言、翻译和诠释的再分析”部分中,则分别谈到了语言及翻译中的曲解(Language and the Vagaries of Translation)、文言文(The Classical Chinese Written Language)、对文言文的语法分析(The Classical Chinese Language:Syntactical Considerations)、对汉语的若干哲学反思(The Chinese Language:Some Philosophical Considerations)。
相较于更偏重直译的理雅各译本的译文,安乐哲、罗思文译本在便于西方读者的阅读方面似乎更胜一筹,其背景相关知识和注释不仅丰富,且在对于如何翻译《论语》,如何翻译中国典籍问题亦讨论得相当深入,并将翻译的思考过程较为清晰地呈现给读者。尤其是其导言、译文、注释三者的前后照应、相互关联大大提升了读者对于全书的整体把握,也更加深了读者对于《论语》丰富内涵的理解。但在忠于原著语言习惯,注重对原文,尤其是其表现力方面的还原方面,安乐哲、罗思文译本还稍显不足,这方面理雅各译本则做得非常出色。
①〔苏格兰〕理雅各译:《论语:中国儒家经典》,辽宁人民出版社2016年版,第3页。(本文有关该书引文均出自此版本,不再另注)
② 《辜鸿铭英译〈论语〉》,云南人民出版社2011年版,第16页。
③Roger T.Ames,&Henry Rosemont,Jr.The Analects of Confucius:A Philosophical Translation[M].New York:Ballantine Books,1999:45-46.(本文有关该书引文均出自此版本,不再另注)