周雪兰
非谓语动词在阅读和写作中都非常重要,我们一定要把该项语法内容掌握好。本文和大家一起复习以下五项内容。
一、谓语动词还是非谓语动词
在语法填空中,如果所给提示词是动词,解题时首先要判断是填谓语动词还是非谓语动词。如:
1.(a)He was reading a book___________(write)by Shakespeare.
(b)He was reading a book which ___________(write) by Shakespeare.
2.(a)Suddenly, a tall man___________(drive)a motorbike took away a beautiful ladys handbag.
(b)Suddenly, a tall man who___________(drive)a motorbike took away a beautiful ladys handbag.
3.(a)The teacher got into the office, ___________(follow) a group of students.
(b)The teacher got into the office and ___________(follow)a group of students.
4.(a) ___________(not know)what to do, she asked her friends for advice.
(b)She___________(not know)what to do, so she asked her friends for advice.
5. Just ___________(make)the effort to control shyness can have many rewards.
6.(a)We went to the street, bought a lot of things and ___________(meet) many friends yesterday.
(b)We went to the street, buying a lot of things and ___________(meet)many friends yesterday.
參考答案:
1.(a)written (b)was written 2.(a)driving (b)was driving 3.(a)following (b)followed 4.(a)Not knowing (b)didnt know 5. making 6.(a)met (b)meeting
小结:当句中已有谓语动词,括号中所给动词的横线前又没有连词(并列连词和引导从句的连词),所给动词应为非谓语动词。如果有连词,那就是谓语动词。注意,所给动词的空格前有连词,但连接的是非谓语动词时,所给词也用相应的非谓语形式,如上述第6题(b)句。
二、注意“连词+非谓语动词”结构
请思考,下面给出的提示词用谓语动词还是非谓语动词?如果是非谓语动词,是用现在分词还是用过去分词?
1.(a)When ___________(complete), the museum will be open to the public next year.
(b)When it ___________(complete), the museum will be open to the public next year.
2.(a)Scientists think that warbles(鸣禽),when___________ (fly)in daylight, use the sun for guidance.
(b)When he ___________(enter) the university at the age of 18, he had learned more than 5,000 English words.
3.(a)He wont go to the party unless he ___________(invite)
(b)He wont go to the party unless___________(invite)
參考答案:
1.(a)completed (b)is completed 2.(a)flying (b)entered 3.(a)is invited (b)invited
小结:非谓语动词有时也带连词,但连词与非谓语动词之间没有主语,即“连词+非谓语动词”,当句子的主语与非谓语动词是主动关系时用现在分词,是被动关系时用过去分词。
强化练习
请说出所给动词应填谓语动词还是非谓语动词?然后用正确的形式填空。
Will it be matter if you dont take breakfast? Recently, a test was given in the USA. Those 1_________(test)included different ages from 12 to 83. During the experiment people 2_________(give)all kinds of breakfast. Special tests were set up 3_________(see)how well their bodies worked when they 4_________(eat)certain kind of breakfast...
参考答案:1. 非谓语;tested 2. 谓语;were given 3. 非谓语(表目的);to see 4. 谓语;had eaten
三、用现在分词还是过去分词
请用括号中所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. The meeting _________(hold)yesterday is of great importance.
2. Peter received a letter just now _________(say)his grandma would come to see him soon.
3. The speaker raised his voice but still couldnt make himself _________(understand).
4. She kept us _________(wait)here for an hour.
5. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________(tie)behind his back.
6. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _________(go)on.
7. _________(turn)around, she saw an ambulance driving up.
8. _________(move)by their speech, I was at a loss what to say.
参考答案:1. held 2. saying 3. understood 4. waiting 5. tied 6. going 7. Turning 8. Moved
小结:用现在分词还是用过去分词,主要看逻辑主语与分词的关系,主动关系用现在分词,被动关系用过去分词。逻辑主语如何找?
作定语时,逻辑主语是被修饰的词。如第1题,逻辑主语是the meeting,与hold(举行)是被动关系,故用过去分词held;第2题,逻辑主语是a letter,与say是主动关系,用现在分词saying。
作宾补时,逻辑主语是宾语。如第3题,逻辑主语是himself,与understand是被动关系,填过去分词understood,指让自己被别人理解;第4题的逻辑主语是us,与wait是主动关系,填现在分词waiting;第5题,逻辑主语是his hands,与tie(捆绑)是被动关系,填tied;第6题,逻辑主语是noise,与go是主动关系,填going。
作状语时,逻辑主语就是句子的主句。如第7题,逻辑主语是she,与turn是主动关系,故填turning;第8题,逻辑主语是Ⅰ,与move(感动)是被动关系,故填Moved。
四、分词短语与从句或并列成分的转化
请用分词短语简化下列从句或并列成分。
1. They sat there and talked happily.
=They sat there, ________ happily.
2. When they heard the bad news, they couldnt help crying.
= ________ the bad news, they couldnt help crying.(表 )
3. As I had spent all night reading the documents, I was very tired the next day.
= ________________________ all night reading the documents, I was very tired the next day.(表 )
4. If I had been given a little more time, I would have worked out the problem.
= _______ a little more time, I would have worked out the problem.(表 )
5. We set off very early, so we arrived there ahead of time.
= We set off very early, ________ there ahead of time.(表 )
6. Although they were tired, they went on working.
= Although ______ , they went on working.(表 )
答案:1. talking表伴隨 2. Hearing表时间 3. Having spent表原因 4. Given表条件 5. arriving表结果 6. tired表让步
五、不定式在句中的作用
动词不定式在句中可以做主语、宾语、宾补和目的状语等。请指出下列各句中不定式在句中所作成分。
1. For you, to drop out of school is a pity.
2. They decided to have a rest.
3. The teacher urged his students to prepare for the exam.
4. He came to China to learn Chinese twenty years ago.
參考答案:1. 做主语 2. 做宾语 3. 做宾补 4. 做目的状语
强化练习 请用括号中所给词的正确形式填空,并说明理由。
1.(2020年新高考全国Ⅱ卷) These days,it is not unusual for 10-to 12-year-olds to publish their own websites or for second and third graders_________ (begin)computer classes.
2.(2019年全国Ⅰ卷)Modern methods ... have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive ____________ (perform)consistently over a large area.
3.(2019年全国Ⅱ卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene declared she had no plans __________(retire)from her 36-year-old business.
4.(2019年全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take __________ (get)there.
5.(2018年全国Ⅰ卷)You dont have to run fast or for long _______(see)the benefit.
6.(2018年全国Ⅲ卷)Once his message was delivered,he allowed me________(stay)and watch.
参考答案:1. to begin 这是its + adj.+ for sb to do sth句型,it为形式主语,for sb to do sth是真正的主语;2. to perform 在形容词后做状语只能用不定式;3. to retire 计划是未来的情况,用不定式;4. to get 这是it takes sb some time to do sth句型,it为形式主语,to do sth是真正的主语;5. to see 做目的状语要用不定式;6. to stay 这是allow sb to do句型,不定式做宾补。
“骐骥一跃,不能十步。驽马十驾,功在不舍”,语言能力的提升并非一朝一夕之功,非谓语动词的学习也是如此,但有目的地坚持不懈地训练一定会让我们“柳暗花明”、“一览众山小”的。希望本文对同学们对掌握非谓语动词有所帮助。
责任编辑 蒋小青