奈安与腐植酸促进烤烟生长及消减烟叶镉污染的协同效应

2021-06-30 02:23黄振瑞林阿典李集勤马柱文李淑玲
南方农业学报 2021年2期
关键词:腐植酸烤烟

黄振瑞 林阿典 李集勤 马柱文 李淑玲

摘要:【目的】明確奈安与腐植酸配施对烤烟生长及品质提升的影响,并探究其对土壤有效态镉(Cd)和烟叶Cd含量的影响及相互关系,为Cd轻度污染农田烤烟的安全生产提供技术支撑。【方法】通过大田试验,共设4个处理[T1:不施腐植酸和奈安(CK),T2:单施奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha),T3:单施腐植酸(750 kg/ha),T4:奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha)+腐植酸(750 kg/ha)配施]。于烤烟移栽90 d后调查烤烟植株农艺性状,移栽100 d后取植株样品测定烟叶产量、化学品质和Cd含量,烟叶采收结束后取5~20 cm耕层土壤样品分析不同处理的土壤有效态Cd含量、总Cd含量及土壤pH。【结果】与T1(CK)处理相比,T2处理的烟叶产量显著提高5.99%(P<0.05,下同),烟碱含量显著降低11.92%;T3处理的烟叶产量显著提高7.00%,烟叶总糖、还原糖、总氮和钾含量分别显著提高19.11%、12.65%、21.19%和9.87%;T4处理的烟叶产量显著提高14.70%,烟叶总糖、还原糖、总氮和钾含量分别显著提高23.36%、16.41%、13.25%和13.73%,而烟碱含量显著下降16.89%,烟叶化学成分的协调性最佳。施用腐植酸(T3处理和T4处理)能显著降低烟叶Cd含量,较T1(CK)处理分别显著降低0.96和1.22 mg/kg,消减率为35.80%~46.51%,烟叶Cd富集系数从8.22降至5.27~5.90,有效减轻烟叶对Cd的富集作用;施用腐植酸(T3处理和T4处理)还能显著降低土壤有效态Cd含量(11.95%~14.64%),并使土壤pH分别升高0.50和0.54。相关分析结果表明,土壤有效态Cd含量与烟叶Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),而土壤pH与土壤有效态Cd和烟叶Cd含量均呈显著负相关。【结论】奈安与腐植酸配施对提升烤烟生长及烟叶品质具有明显的协同增效作用,且能消减阻控烟叶对Cd的富集,可作为植烟区Cd轻度污染农田进行烤烟安全生产的一项有效措施。

关键词: 烤烟;奈安;腐植酸;镉污染;消减阻控;协同增效

中图分类号: S572.061                           文献标志码: A 文章编号:2095-1191(2021)02-0429-10

Abstract:【Objective】This paper investigated the effects of the combinations of Naian and humic acid on the growth and quality improvement of tobacco leaves, on the available cadmium(Cd) content in soil and Cd content in tobacco leaves and their correlations, which would provide technical support for the safe production of tobacco in slightly Cd-contaminated soil. 【Method】Four treatments were set up as field experiments,[T1:no humic acid and Naian added as control(CK), T2:Naian(1.2 g a.i/ha), T3:humic acid(750 kg/ha), T4:Naian(1.2 g a.i/ha)+humic acid(750 kg/ha). Agronomic characters of tobacco plantswere investigated after 90 d of transplanting.The yield, chemical quality and Cd content of tobacco leaves were determined after 100 d of transplanting. The available Cd content, total Cd content and pH in the soil at 5-20 cm layer were analyzed after tobacco leaves harvest. 【Result】Compared with T1(CK),T2 significantly promoted the yield of tobacco leaves by 5.99 % and significantly reduced nicotine by 11.92%(P<0.05, the same below). T3 significantly promoted the yield of tobacco leaves by 7.00 % and significantly increased the contents of total sugar,redu-cing sugar,total nitrogen and potassium in the tobacco leaves by 19.11%,12.65%,21.19% and 9.87%, respectively. T4 significantly promoted the yield of tobacco leaves by 14.70 %, significantly increased the contents of total sugar,reducing sugar,total nitrogen and potassium in the tobacco leaves by 23.36 %,16.41 %,13.25 %,13.73%, and significantly reduced the nicotine content by 16.89%. The coordination of chemical composition of tobacco leaves was the optimal. The application of humic acid(T3 and T4)significantly reduced the contents of Cd in tobacco leaves, and reduced by 0.96 and 1.22 mg/kg compared with T1(CK), the reduction rate was 35.80%-46.51%. The enrichment coefficient of Cd in tobacco leaves decreased from 8.22 to 5.27-5.90, which effectively reduced the enrichment effect of tobacco leaves on Cd. Humic acid (T3 and T4) reduced the contents of available Cd in soil by 11.95 -14.64 % and increased soil pH by 0.50-0.54. The results showed that there was extremely significant positive correlation between soil available Cd content and tobacco leaf Cd content(P<0.01), while soil pH was significantly negatively correlated with soil available Cd and tobacco leaf Cd content. 【Conclusion】The combination of Naian or humic acid has obvious synergistic effects on the improvement of the growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco, and effectively reduce the accumulation of Cd in tobacco leaves. The combined application of Naian and humic acid would be an effective technology for safe production of tobacco in the tobacco plan-ting areas in slightly Cd-contaminated soil.

Key words: tobacco; Naian; humic acid; cadmium pollution; reduction and inhibition; synergistic effect

Foundation item: Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong(2017A020225018)

0 引言

【研究意义】烟草是我国植烟区重要的经济作物,优质无公害烟叶生产是确保烟草行业可持续发展的基础。镉(Cd)并非烟草生长的必需元素,但其在农田土壤中具有较强的移动性,极易被烟叶吸收富集(施琪等,2019)。Cd污染胁迫不仅危害烟草生长,还会降低烤烟的品质和经济效益(彭丽成等,2011;Cheng et al.,2018)。烟叶产品在燃烧过程中约有33%的Cd会进入烟气,并随卷烟抽吸而进入人体肺部等器官,对人体健康造成潜在危害(Galazyn-Sidorczuk et al.,2008;周茂忠等,2017;刘春奎等,2019)。因此,开发烟叶Cd消减阻控技术,降低烟草对Cd的吸收与累积,是当前烟草安全生产的研究热点之一。【前人研究进展】目前,农田重金属Cd污染阻控技术主要有:施用磷肥、更换栽培品种或耕作制度等农艺措施(He et al.,2013;曾晓舵等,2019)以改善栽培条件,降低Cd从土壤向植物体内迁移的概率;通过钝化剂(吴烈善等,2015;赵敏等,2018;张耿苗等,2019)、生物炭(李衍亮等,2017)及石灰(曾秀君等,2020)等改变Cd在土壤中的存在形态,使其固定在土壤中而降低迁移性和生物可利用性;喷施锌(李晓越等,2018;路育茗等,2019)和硅(Li et al.,2020)等阻隔剂,利用植物生理作用将Cd固定在植株的不可食用或不可利用部位,以减少对人体健康的危害。腐植酸(Humic acid)作为一种天然存在的高络合和聚合有机物,含有大量羧基、羰基及酚羟基等活性官能团,能与铅(Pb)及Cd等多种重金属离子络合,且在固定重金属离子的同时能培肥土壤和改善作物品质,已备受关注(Plaz et al.,2015;袁林等,2019)。高华军等(2014)研究表明,施用腐植酸肥可提高土壤速效钾和有机质等养分含量,改善烟叶化学品质,提高烤烟的经济效益。李希希等(2015)通过盆栽试验发现施用1.0 g/kg腐植酸可明显抑制土壤中Pb的活性,进而降低烟叶Pb积累量,烟叶Pb消减率达52.16%。奈安的主要成分是胺鲜酯(DA-6)和氧奈酮,能提高作物的抗逆性,如预防并有效缓解除草剂药害(郭瑞峰等,2017),减轻Cd等重金属对植物的胁迫(肖艳辉等,2019),从而促进作物生长发育。于彩莲等(2011)研究表明,叶面喷施DA-6可有效提高龙葵的抗逆性,增强苗期叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低苗期和成熟期叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量,使龙葵地上部生物量显著增加7.54%~8.69%。高新菊等(2014)研究发现,喷施奈安对玉米二甲四氯钠药害有明显缓解作用,能提高叶绿素含量,玉米产量较对照显著提高50.42%。王雷等(2016)通过盆栽土培试验发现一定浓度的DA-6可缓解Cd对黑麦草的毒害作用,显著提高生物量和叶绿素含量,并降低黑麦草对Cd的富集效果。【本研究切入点】至今,尚未明确奈安与腐植酸配施对植烟土壤Cd污染下烤烟生长及品质的影响,其协同消减和阻控烟叶对Cd的富集效应也鲜见研究报道。【拟解决的关键问题】通过大田试验探讨奈安与腐植酸配施对烤烟生长及品质提升的影响,同时探究其对土壤有效态Cd和烟叶Cd含量的影响及相互关系,以期为Cd轻度污染农田烤烟的安全生产提供技术支撑。

1 材料与方法

1. 1 试验地概况

试验于2019年3月在广东省梅州市蕉岭县广福镇广育村(东经116°17′68″,北纬24°82′79″)进行,试验地年均气温21.7 ℃,年降水量1304.9 mm,属亚热带海洋性季风气候。植烟土壤类型为麻沙泥田,土壤质地为壤土,中等肥力,种植制度为烟—稻年内轮作,田块平整,排灌方便,耕作层(0~20 cm)土壤基本理化性质见表1,其中土壤总Cd含量超过我国农用地土壤污染筛选值(>0.3 mg/kg)(GB 15618—2018)。

1. 2 试验材料

腐植酸(源自褐煤)由北京博威神农科技有限公司提供,其基本理化性质:粒度≤100目,pH 7.12,总腐植酸≥55%,有机质含量587.82 g/kg,全氮含量3.61 g/kg,全磷含量0.35 g/kg,全钾含量24.95 g/kg,Pb含量0.51 mg/kg,Cd含量0.013 mg/kg。奈安(可湿性粉剂)由河南远东生物工程有限公司生产提供,其有效成分为0.1%。供试烤烟品种为云烟87,为当地主栽品种。

1. 3 试验设计

田间试验共设4个处理,T1:不施腐植酸和奈安(CK);T2:单施奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha);T3:单施腐植酸(750 kg/ha);T4:奈安(1.2 g a.i/ha)+腐植酸(750 kg/ha)配施。每处理3次重复,小区面积67 m2,随机区组排列,行株距为1.1 m×0.5 m。腐植酸全部基施,于移栽前5 d用耕翻机具旋耕2遍拌匀,耕深约15 cm,然后起垄种烟;奈安分别于烤烟移栽后第5和15 d兌水1000倍稀释喷施(岳伦勇等,2013);T1(CK)处理喷施等量清水。烤烟施氮量为120 kg/ha,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.8∶2.3,其他栽培管理措施参照当地优质烤烟种植规范进行操作。

1. 4 测定指标及方法

于烤烟移栽90 d后,每小区随机选取5株烤烟,参照YC/T 142—2010《烟草农艺性状调查测量方法》的标准调查测定其农艺性状,包括叶片数、节距、株高、茎围、腰叶长及宽等指标。烤烟移栽100 d后收获,计算各处理的烟叶产量;取烤后中部烟叶(C3F)各1 kg,烘干磨碎过0.25 mm筛,参照王瑞新(2003)的方法测定其化学成分,包括总糖、还原糖、烟碱、氯、钾及总氮等指标。

烟叶采收结束后,每小区按五点采样法采集5~20 cm耕层土壤,制成混合土样,自然风干后参照GB/T 23739—2009《土壤质量 有效态铅和镉的测定 原子吸收法》测定土壤化学性质指标。土壤pH采用酸度计电位法进行测定;烟叶Cd含量采用HNO3-HClO4消解法进行测定;土壤总Cd采用HNO3-HClO4-HF消化进行测定;土壤有效态Cd采用0.005 mol/L DTPA+0.01 mol/L CaCl2溶液浸提法进行测定;土壤总Cd、有效态Cd和烟叶Cd含量测定均设空白和土壤成分分析标准物质(HTSB-3)作为分析质量控制,提取液和消解液采用火焰/石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪(PE-PinAAcle 900T,美国)进行测定。消减率和富集系数计算方法如下(段淑辉等,2018):

1. 5 统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2007和SAS 9.2进行处理分析及制圖,并以Duncans新复极差法进行差异显著性检验。

2 结果与分析

2. 1 不同处理对烤烟生长及烟叶产量的影响

施用腐植酸和奈安均能促进烤烟生长,但不同处理对烟叶产量和烟株农艺性状的影响效应存在明显差异。由图1可看出,烟叶产量以T4处理最高(2913.35 kg/ha),较T1(CK)处理显著增产14.70%(P<0.05,下同);T2处理和T3处理的烟叶产量分别为2692.20和2717.80 kg/ha,二者间无显著差异(P>0.05,下同),但较T1(CK)处理分别显著增产5.99%和7.00%。

由表2可知,T4处理烤烟的株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、叶片数和茎围等农艺性状均显著高于T1(CK)处理,分别显著提高12.86%、5.06%、20.62%、16.17%和9.59%;T2处理烤烟的株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、叶片数和茎围也显著高于T1(CK)处理;T3处理烤烟的株高、最大叶长、叶片数、茎围和节距等农艺性状表现均优于T1(CK)处理,其中,最大叶长和叶片数与T2处理、T4处理间无显著差异,但最大叶宽和茎围显著低于T2处理及T4处理。可见,增施奈安和腐植酸能有效促进烤烟生长,且以奈安+腐植酸配施(T4处理)的烟叶产量和烤烟农艺性状表现最佳,即二者具有明显的协同增效作用。

2. 2 不同处理对中部烟叶(C3F)化学成分的影响

中部烟叶具有良好的配合特性及较高的烟叶成丝率,且不易破碎,其品质是衡量烟草优质栽培的重要指标之一(李志鹏等,2016;李影等,2019)。由表3可看出,不同处理烤烟中部烟叶化学成分指标中,除氯含量不存在显著差异外,其余化学成分指标均存在显著差异,尤其以对烟叶糖类化合物的影响最明显。与T1(CK)处理相比,T4处理烤烟中部烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总氮及钾含量分别显著提高23.36%、16.41%、13.25%和13.73%,烟碱含量显著降低16.89%,糖碱比和氮碱比分别是T1(CK)处理的1.40和1.38倍;T3处理烤烟中部烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总氮及钾含量与T4处理间无显著差异,但分别较T1(CK)处理显著提高19.11%、12.65%、21.19%和9.87%,烟碱含量与T1(CK)处理间无显著差异,糖碱比和氮碱比均显著高于T1(CK)处理;T2处理烤烟中部烟叶的总糖、还原糖、总氮和钾含量与T1(CK)处理无显著差异,但烟碱含量较T1(CK)处理显著降低11.92%,糖碱比和氮碱比也显著高于T1(CK)处理。综上所述,单施腐植酸处理(T3)烤烟中部烟叶的烟碱含量偏高,而单施奈安处理(T2)的钾含量较低,奈安与腐植酸配施对烤烟中部烟叶化学成分的协调性具有正向效应,糖碱比维持在8.00~10.00,氮碱比在1.00以下,均在适宜范围内,说明奈安+腐植酸配施(T4处理)对烟叶品质的提升具有显著效果。

2. 3 不同处理对烟叶Cd含量及其消减效果的影响

不同处理对烤烟烟叶Cd含量及其消减效率的影响见图2。由图2-A可看出,施用腐植酸可显著降低烟叶Cd含量,与T1(CK)处理相比,T3处理的烟叶Cd含量显著降低0.96 mg/kg,烟叶Cd消减率达35.80%;T4处理的烟叶Cd含量显著降低1.22 mg/kg,烟叶Cd消减率为46.51%,但T3处理与T4处理间无显著差异。T2处理的烟叶Cd含量为3.24 mg/kg,与T1(CK)处理的差异不显著,烟叶Cd消减率为6.40%,说明施用奈安对烟叶Cd含量的消减作用不明显。烟草极易富集Cd,其富集系数可达5.00~10.00;Cd在烟草中的迁移性较强,且吸收的Cd主要分配积累在烟叶中(孙朋成等,2014)。本研究结果显示,T1(CK)处理的烟叶Cd富集系数达8.22,施用腐植酸后烟叶Cd富集系数降至5.27~5.90,单施奈安的烟叶Cd富集系数为7.80,仅较T1(CK)处理降低0.42。可见,腐植酸在消减烟叶Cd含量及阻控烟叶Cd富集方面发挥主导作用。

2. 4 不同处理对土壤有效态Cd含量的影响

土壤—作物系统中Cd的积累能力和生物毒性,不仅与土壤总Cd含量有关,还取决于可被作物直接吸收利用的土壤有效态Cd含量(曾晓舵等,2019)。由图3可看出,以T3处理和T4处理对土壤有效态Cd含量的降低效果较优,且两处理间无显著差异,分别为0.152和0.148 mg/kg,较T1(CK)处理显著降低11.95%和14.64%;T2处理对土壤有效态Cd含量的影响不明显。相关分析结果(图4)表明,土壤有效态Cd含量与烟叶Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),其相关线性方程为y=33.060x?2.481(r=0.823**),说明随着土壤有效态Cd含量的降低,烟叶Cd含量也随之降低,即腐植酸消减烟叶Cd含量主要是通过降低土壤有效态Cd含量来实现。

2. 5 土壤pH与土壤有效态Cd和烟叶Cd含量的关系

pH是土壤的重要理化性质,直接影响Cd在土壤中的移动性和生物有效性。收获烤烟后比较各处理的土壤pH发现,与T1(CK)处理相比,T3处理和T4处理的土壤pH分别升高0.50和0.54,T2处理的土壤pH无显著变化(图5)。由图6可看出,土壤pH与土壤有效态Cd和烟叶Cd含量均呈显著负相关,对应的相关线性方程分别为y=-0.028x+0.317(r=0.660*)和y=-1.379x+10.500(r=0.804*),说明随着土壤pH的上升,土壤有效态Cd和烟叶Cd含量均随之下降。可见,腐植酸施用一定程度上能提高植烟土壤pH,进而降低土壤有效态Cd含量及减少烟叶Cd富集。

3 讨论

3. 1 不同处理对烤烟生长及烟叶化学品质的影响

植烟土壤Cd污染会影响烤烟植株叶绿素和蛋白质的合成,而造成烟草不同程度的减产,甚至绝收(雷丽萍等,2012)。腐植酸作为一种复杂的天然高分子有机质,广泛存在于土壤、泥炭、褐煤和风化煤中,具有良好的保肥供肥能力。张喜峰等(2013)研究表明,腐植酸能促进烤烟生长,提高烟叶产量和上中等烟比例。在本研究中,单独施用腐植酸(T3处理)能显著增加Cd轻度污染农田烟叶的产量,提升株高、最大叶长和有效叶片数等植株农艺性状表现。腐植酸通过有效刺激作物根系的生理活性,增强根系和叶片内呼吸酶活力,由此促进根系对营养物质的吸收,而有利于植物的生长发育(靳志丽等,2002;蔡宪杰等,2008)。奈安的主要成分是DA-6,通过叶面喷施10~20 mg/L DA-6能显著提高Cd污染土壤上的植株生物量,在龙葵(于彩莲等,2011)和黑麦草(侯琪琪等,2018)等植物中已得到证实。本研究结果表明,单独施用奈安(T2处理)的烟叶产量较T1(CK)处理增产5.99%,且显著提升株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、叶片数和茎围等农艺性状。这可能是由于DA-6不仅提高叶绿素含量及Rubisco等光合作用關键酶活性,还能调节植物体内的生长素和赤霉素等激素水平,促进植株生长(单守明等,2008)。此外,DA-6能增加植物细胞保护酶[POD和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性,提升植物的抗氧化能力及降低MDA含量,最终增强植株对Cd的抗性(袁江等,2016;王正等,2020)。DA-6对环境和农业生产安全高效,常作为增效剂与肥料复配使用。如DA-6与硼、糖、钙配合使用可提高枇杷花粉活力,促进花粉管的伸长,提高早期坐果率(梁广坚等,2011)。Xiao等(2020)研究表明,营养液中添加黄腐酸钾和DA-6能显著提高番茄产量,且以15 mg/L黄腐酸钾和2.5 mg/L DA-6复配的增产效果最佳,较对照增产21.77%。本研究也发现,奈安与腐植酸配施(T4处理)对烤烟生长及烟叶产量的提升效果显著高于单独施用奈安或腐植酸,表现出良好的协同增效作用。这是由于DA-6能有效提高植株叶绿素含量及同化作用能力,而腐植酸富含形成土壤腐殖质的胡敏酸和富里酸等组分,既能改善土壤理化性质,又有利于提高土壤保肥保水性,进而促进植物对肥料的吸收利用,即二者配施产生良好的协同增效作用(于俊红等,2008;刘伟等,2015;柳燕兰等,2016)。

烟叶内在化学成分的协调性是决定烤烟品质的重要因素之一。烟草富集过量Cd不仅抑制植株的生长发育,还会影响烟叶烟碱、还原糖及蛋白质含量,导致其化学成分失衡,而降低烟叶品质(雷丽萍等,2011)。已有研究证实,施用腐植酸可改善烟叶品质,促使烟叶各化学成分间比例协调(王金林,2014;高华军等,2014)。本研究结果也显示,施用腐植酸后(T3处理和T4处理),烤烟中部烟叶(C3F)的总糖、还原糖、总氮及钾含量分别较T1(CK)处理显著提高19.11%~23.36%、12.65%~16.41%、13.25%~21.19%和9.87%~13.73%,尤其是烟叶钾含量超过2.50%,达到国际优质烟叶钾含量的标准(林昌华等,2019),究其原因可能与腐植酸具有提升烤烟养分代谢水平及提高烟叶化学品质的作用有关(靳志丽等,2002)。

3. 2 不同处理对消减阻控烟叶Cd富集的影响

土壤Cd的生物有效性与土壤中Cd的形态密切相关,因此土壤有效态Cd含量能在一定程度上表征土壤Cd的生物有效性(Seshadri et al.,2017)。腐植酸具备的络合(螯合)能力和胶体特性,可络合并固定土壤中的Cd离子,且随腐植酸投入的增加,土壤有效态Cd含量将进一步下降,从而降低植株对土壤Cd的吸收与富集(王晶等,2002;刘慧等,2010)。本研究结果表明,施用腐植酸(T3处理和T4处理)的土壤有效态Cd含量较T1(CK)处理显著降低11.95%~14.64%,同时显著降低烟叶Cd含量,消减率达35.80%~46.51%,烟叶Cd富集系数从8.22降至5.27~5.90,有效减轻烟叶对Cd的富集,进而实现对烟叶Cd的消减阻控(胡鑫等,2016)。相关分析结果也表明,土壤有效态Cd与烟叶Cd含量呈极显著正相关,即随着土壤有效态Cd含量降低,烟叶Cd含量随之减少。蒋萍萍等(2019)研究表明,添加腐植酸后土壤可提取态Cd含量逐渐降低,是由于腐植酸具有丰富的含氧官能团(羧酸、酚羟基和醌官能团等),可络合重金属阳离子,并通过范德华力、氢键及静电吸附等形成稳定的复合物,降低土壤Cd的可利用性,从而延缓或减弱Cd被农作物吸收(余贵芬等,2006;Yang and Hodson,2019;王琦等,2020)。由于DA-6能促进植物根系生长并分泌更多有机酸,致使土壤酸溶态Cd含量增加,甚至促进植物对Cd的吸收(王正等,2020)。在本研究中,单施奈安(T2处理)对土壤有效态Cd含量影响不明显,对烟叶Cd含量也几乎没有消减效果,烟叶Cd富集系数仅较T1(CK)处理降低0.42。此外,在田间条件下土壤有效态Cd含量还与土壤有机质、氧化还原电位、微生物、矿物成分、污染来源及土壤类型等因素有关(关天霞等,2011;王发园等,2014;陆中桂等,2018),因此,奈安与腐植酸配施阻控烟叶Cd富集的作用机制尚有待进一步探究。

4 结论

奈安与腐植酸配施对提升烤烟生长及烟叶品质具有明显的协同增效作用,且能消减阻控烟叶对Cd的富集,可作为植烟区Cd轻度污染农田进行烤烟安全生产的一项有效措施。

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