Technical Regulations for Rain Shelter Cultivation of Summer Black Grape

Xiujie Li,Qinglin Niu,Yujin Liu,Zhen Han,Ziguo Zhu,Qingtian Zhang,Bo Li*

1.Shandong Academy of Grape,Jinan 250100,China;2.Shandong Institute of Pomology,Tai’an 271000,China;3.Feixian Qinglongshan Grape Professional Cooperative,Feixian 273400,China

Abstract The Technical Regulations for Rain Shelter Cultivation of Summer Black Grape(T/SDAS 36-2018)stipulates the terms and definitions of rain shelter cultivation technique of summer black grape,producing area environment,construction of rain shelter,seedling planting,types and construction of grape trellis,training and pruning,flower and fruit management,water and fertilizer management,disease and pest control,harvest,packing and storage,etc.,which is suitable for summer black grape planting in Shandong and the areas of the same ecological type in China.

Keywords Summer black grape;Rain shelter cultivation;Technical specification

Summer black grape,native to Japan,is a euramerican hybrid triploid variety bred by kyoho and thomson seedless in Yamanashi Prefecture,Japan in 1968,and favored by farmers and consumers due to high sugar content,good taste,rich flavor,disease resistance and high yield[1].In recent years,the cultivation area of summer black grape in Shandong Province has been expanding year by year,and it has become one of the important varieties in the orchards of sightseeing picking and facility cultivation mode.Summer black grape has higher requirements for cultivation techniques.At present,there are still problems in summer black grape cultivation in Shandong Province,such as unreasonable facility construction,disorderly management of flower and fruit,and abuse of pesticides and fertilizers.Therefore,Shandong Institute of Pomology formulates Technical Regulations for Rain Shelter Cultivation of Summer Black Grape(T/SDAS 36-2018)based on climate and geographical conditions of Shandong Province,as well as years of experiments,and stipulates producing area environment,construction of shelter,seedling planting,types and construction of grape trellis,training and pruning of summer black grape,in order to guide high-quality and efficient production of summer black grape in Shandong and the areas of the same ecological type in China,and to further improve the planting level of summer black grape.

1 Scope

Technical Regulations for Rain Shelter Cultivation of Summer Black Grape stipulates of rain shelter cultivation technique of summer black grape,producing area environment,construction of rain shelter,seedling planting,types and construction of grape trellis,training and pruning,flower and fruit management,water and fertilizer management,disease and pest control,harvest,packing and storage,etc.

The standard is suitable for the production management of summer black grape in Shandong Province.

2 Normative References

The following references are essential to the application of this regulation,including GB/T 8321(all parts)Guidelines for Safety Application of Pesticide[2],GB/T 16862 Refrigeration Technology for Table Grapes,NY 469 Grape Seedlings[4],NY/T 496 General Guidelines for Reasonable Use of Fertilizers[5],and NY/T 857 Environmental and Technical Conditions of Grape Producing Area[6].For dated references,only the dated version applies to this regulation.For undated references,the latest version (including all amendments)applies to this regulation.

3 Terms and Definitions

Rain shelter cultivation is a method that a thin film is placed over supporting facility at the top of canopy.

4 Producing Area Environment

The site selection of grape orchard should comply with NY/T 857 requirements.

5 Rain Shelter Construction and Trellis Selection

5.1 Simple terraced rain shelter

5.1.1 Construction of rain shelter.The column is made of DN50 hot dip galvanizing steel pipe(stainless steel seamless structure),with a span of 6 m,an internal of 4 m and a height of 1.8 m above the ground.The upper part of the column is connected and fixed with DN32 hot dip galvanizing steel pipe prograde to the row as the longitudinal tie rod,and the vertical direction is connected with DN25 hot dip galvanizing seamless steel pipe as the transverse tie rod(beam).

The roof of the shelter is 3 m high,and DN20 thin-walled hot dip galvanizing steel pipe is used as the arch rod.The span is the same as the grape row spacing,and the spacing of arch rods is 1 m.A 1.2 m DN20 steel pipe is installed in the middle of each transverse tie rod as a column to support the arch rod.

5.1.2 Selection of film.Anti-drop polyethylene film(PE)or ethylene-vinyl acetate film(EVA),with the thickness of 80 μm or more,is selected as the film.The film is fixed on the transverse rod by card slot on both sides of arch rod,which is 50 cm away from the longitudinal tie rod,to facilitate ventilation and drainage.

5.1.3 Supporting trellis.T-shaped shelter is adopted.

5.2 Semi-arched simple rain shelter

5.2.1 Construction of rain shelter.DN32 hot dip galvanizing steel pipe(stainless steel seamless structure)or 120 mm×120 mm square concrete column is used as the column,with a row spacing of 2.5-3.0 m,and an interval of 4-6 m.The cement column at the north and south ends is 1.8 m above the ground,and 0.6 m below the ground.The middle cement column is 2.4 m above the ground,and ca.0.6 m below the ground.Each cement column is obliquely braced with 3 m long concrete columns all around,and the steel strand with the diameter more than 6.66 mm is used to connect the rectangular frame to serve as the four sides of rain shelter.In the middle cement column 1.8 m above the ground,steel wires with the diameter of more than 2 mm are connected vertically and horizontally to weave into mesh.

A small shed is built 1.8 m above the ground on shelter surface,with a height of 0.6-0.7 m and a width of 2.2 m.DN20 steel pipe is bent to severe as the arch rod at both ends of the shed.At the top and both ends of the arch rod,three steel wires with a diameter of more than 2 mm are pulled prograde to the row.The middle arch rod is made of steel wire,with a diameter of 3.5-5.0 mm and a length of 2.7 m.The two ends and the middle of arch rod are fixed on the three steel wires parallel to the row direction with the binding wire.

5.2.2 Selection of film.Anti-drop polyethylene film(PE)or ethylene-vinyl acetate film(EVA),with the thickness of 60-80 μm,is selected as the film,and both sides of the film are fixed with film-fixed plastic card and pressing film line.

5.2.3 Supporting trellis.V-shaped or prograde trellis is adopted.

6 Seedling Planting

6.1 Planting time Grapes are planted after defoliation and before freezing or before bud germination in the following year.

6.2 Selection of seedlings Seedlings should comply with NY 469 requirements.

6.3 Planting location and density Seedlings are planted in the middle of rain shelter.The row spacing of T-shaped trellis is 2 m×(5-8)m,and those of singlecolumn unilateral trellis and V-shaped trellis are 1 m×(5-8)m and 1 m×(2.5-3.0)m,respectively.

6.4 Planting furrow Planting furrows with the depth of 0.8 m and the width of 1 m are opened by mechanical trenching method.

6.5 Planting method Roots are evenly arranged in a small pit about 20 cm square,and seedlings are gently pressed when filling 50%pit soil.After backfilling,the pit is irrigated thoroughly to compact the soil,and mulching film is covered in time.

7 Types and Construction of Trellis

7.1 T-shaped trellis The main part is 1.7-1.8 m tall.The arms are tied in T-shape perpendicular to the row,and new shoots are tied perpendicular to the two arms.

7.2 V-shaped trellis The main part is 0.8-1.0 m tall.The single arm or both arms are tied along a straight line,and new shoots are tied in V shape.The first wire is 0.8-1.0 m away from the ground,and beams 0.6 m and 1.0-1.2 m long are tied 0.4 and 0.8 m above the first wire,respectively.Two wires are pulled at two ends of each beam.

7.3 Prograde shelter The main stem is 1.7-1.8 m.The single arm or both arms are tied along a straight line,and new shoots are tied perpendicular to single arm or both arms.

8 Training and Pruning

8.1 Summer pruning

8.1.1 Bud picking.At 10-15 d post germination,bud picking is carried out in batches.Robust buds with good location are retained,while useless,overdense,weak and misplaced buds are removed.

8.1.2 Branch fixation.Branch fixation is carried out when new inflorescences of distinguished size appear.After fixing,the spacing of new shoots is 15-20 cm,and the number of new shoots is 1 500-2 000 branches per 667 m2.

8.1.3 New shoots binding.When new shoots exceeds 25 cm,they are tied in batches to make new shoots evenly distributed on shelter surface,and we should pay attention to the tightness of binding position.

8.1.4 Pinching off new shoots.At 1 week before flowering,5-6 leaves above inflorescence are retained for pinching.

8.1.5 Thinning out secondary shoots.After pinching off new shoots,only 1 secondary shoot is left at the top,and remaining secondary shoots are removed with one basal leaf left.When top secondary shoots are grown to 5-6 leaves,pinching is carried out,and then three leaves are left for repeated pinching.When there are 15-17 leaves on each branch,new secondary shoots are all removed.

8.1.6 Remove tendrils and basal leaves.All tendrils are removed,and basal 2-3 old leaves are removed during fruit colorchanged period.

8.2 Winter pruning

8.2.1 Pruning time.Plants in soil-bury area are preliminarily trimmed after autumn defoliation and before soil bury,and retrimmed after unearthed in the next year.Plants in unburied areas are trimmed from defoliation to one month before bleeding period in the next year.

8.2.2 Pruning method.The trunk and tendrils are trimmed in V and T shape.The bearing mother branches are trimmed into short shoots or super short shoots.Solid branches with full eyes,high lignification degree and the diameter of 0.8-1.0 cm are selected,and one or two full buds are left for pruning.The shoots less than 0.8 cm,immature shoots and diseased shoots are removed.

9 Flower and Fruit Management

9.1 Flower thinning The superfluous,undersized,and stunted inflorescences are thinned.It can be operated according to the principle of keeping one inflorescence on one branch,two inflorescences on robust branches and no inflorescence on weak branches.

9.2 Inflorescence shaping

9.2.1 Conical shaping.Accessory ear and upper big ears are removed,while tips with the length of 5.5-6.0 cm are retained at one week prior to flowering.The remaining ears are pruned to make the ears conical.

9.2.2 Columnar shaping.Accessory ear and ear tips are removed at one week prior to flowering(ear tips of about 1 cm are removed),and the middle part of inflorescence is 5.5-6.0 cm.The remaining ears are pruned to make the ears basically columnar.

9.3 Ear fixation Ears are fixed after fruit setting (about 18 d after flowering).Ears with late flowering,bad shape,light yellow grain are removed,and there are no more than 2 000 ears per 667 m2.

9.4 Fruit thinning Fruit thinning is usually performed once or twice at 20 d post flowering after physiological fruit drop.Deformed fruits,small fruits,diseased fruits and more densely packed fruit grains in the ears are removed.

9.5 Treatment with plant growth regulator At 12 h after full flowering(full blooming of terminal flowers is the sign of full flowering),25 mg/L gibberellin is used to evenly dip or spray the ears once,and the operation should be avoided in rainy or wet weather.After 12-15 d when fruits are grown to the size of soybean grains,fruits are treated with 50 mg/L gibberellin+5 mg/L forchlorfenuron for the second time.

9.6 Fruit bagging The whole plant should be sprayed with broad-spectrum fungicide once at 1-2 d before bagging,and bagging should be carried out after liquids are completely dry.White wood pulp paper bags are used for fruit bagging.

10 Fertilizer and Water Management

10.1 Soil fertilization Fertilizers shall comply with NY/T 496 requirements.Available nitrogen is mainly applied in the planting year,combined with the application of organic fertilizer.Fertilizers are applied four times throughout the year in the second year.The first fertilization is performed before bud germination,and 10-15 kg nitrogen fertilizer is applied per 667 m2;the second fertilization is carried out before and after early flowering season in May,and the topdressing amount of P and K fertilizer is about 15 kg per 667 m2;the third fertilization is conducted in fruit enlargement stage,potassium fertilizer potassium sulfate can be topdressed at the dose of 30 kg/667 m2;base fertilizer is selected in the forth fertilization,and organic fertilizer and green fertilizer are generally applied from fruit picking to middle October.

10.2 Foliar topdressing Foliar fertilization is carried out in combination with anti-disease spraying before flowering,and 0.2%-0.3%borax solution+0.3%potassium dihydrogen phosphate solutions are sprayed on leaf surface.During fruit enlargement and coloring stage,0.3%potassium dihydrogen phosphate or trace element fertilizer can be added,and micro fertilizer and multiple compound fertilizer can be mixed before spraying.

10.3 Water management Irrigation is conducted once combined with fertilization in bud germination,in order to promote tidy germination.Watering once before flowering will promote pollination and fecundation.Sufficient water is irrigated once combined with fertilization during fruit enlargement period.Wintering water is irrigated once in November when grapes are off the shelves,to facilitate cold resistance.Irrigation should be controlled from berry coloring to maturity stage to keep appropriate dry.Irrigation should be timely conducted according to moisture content in other time.

11 Disease and Pest Control

The prevention and control of grape diseases and pests should implement the policy of“prevention first,comprehensive control”.Starting from seed disinfection and planting virus-free seedlings,chemical agents are scientifically used based on plant quarantine and pesticide control,combined with physical control and biological control.The pesticide dosage and safety interval are strictly controlled.The selected drugs for prevention and control of main diseases and pests meet the requirements of GB/T 8321(all parts).

12 Harvest,Packaging and Storage

Summer black grapes can be harvested when reaching the natural flavor of the variety,that is,the skin color is purplish red and the soluble solid content is above 18%.The pre-cooling,grading,bagging and fresh-keeping technology of grape shall be carried out in accordance with GB/T 16862.