Module 3 The Violence of Nature

词汇短语园地

1. experience  n.  经历;体验;感受;遭受

vt.  经历;通过亲身经历认识到;体验到

（1） vt.  经历;体验，后面常接名词或代词作宾语。

Have you ever experienced real hunger？

你体验过真正的饥饿吗？

Our country has experienced great changes in the past ten years.

在过去的十年里，我们的国家经历了巨大的变化。

（2） n.  经历;经历的事（可数）;

经验;体验（不可数），其后常跟介词in。

a common experience  共同的经历

childhood experiences  儿时的经历

I have an unusual experience.

我有一段不寻常的经历。

She has no experience in cooking.

她没有下厨的经验。

I know it from experience.

我根据经验了解此事。

（3） experienced  adj.有经验的;熟练的，常与in，at连用。

She has become quite experienced at/in teaching primary school students.

她教小学生已经很有经验了。

2. cause  vt.  引起;导致

n.  原因;起因

The childs headache may be caused by stress.

那孩子的头痛可能是压力引起的。

Im sorry to have caused you so much inconvenience.

给你造成的诸多不便，我很抱歉。

These causes led to a bad result.

这些原因导致了不良的后果。

I dont think you have cause to worry.

我认为你没有担心的理由。

比较：cause，excuse，reason的区别

（1） cause指造成某现象、某结果的直接原因，常与effect连用。

Can you tell me the cause and effect of it？

你能不能告诉我它的前因后果？

（2） excuse多指借口，用来推卸责任。

I will not listen to any excuse.

我不会听任何借口。

（3） reason指通情达理、合乎情理地解释某事或某现象的理由。

My reason is that the cost will be too high.

我的理由是费用会很高。

3. occur  vi.  发生

I hope this wont occur again.

我希望不要再发生这种事情。

比较：occur，take place，happen，break out的区别

（1） occur是比较正式的用语，可用于具体或抽象的事件，在表示具体的事件时，可与happen换用。

Im afraid that this would occur during my absence.

= Im afraid that this would happen during my absence.

恐怕这事会在我不在时发生。

但是，如果表示“某想法”出现在人的头脑之中，这时不能用happen代替。

Just then a bright idea occurred to me.

那时，我想到一個好主意。

（2） take place通常指某事按计划进行或发生。

The Olympic Games of 2016 took place in Rio de Janeiro.

2016年奥运会在里约热内卢举行。

（3） happen常指具体事件的发生，特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。happen还可表示“碰巧;恰好”之意。

New things are happening all around us.

我们身边总有新鲜事发生。

It happened that I had no money on me.

我刚好没钱了。

（4） break out表示战争、火灾、疾病、争吵等的爆发。

A big fire broke out last night.

昨晚发生了一场严重的火灾。

4. strike  v.  打;击;撞;触（礁）;（钟）敲响;擦

（火柴）;打动（常用被动）;感动;突然想到

strike sb on the+身体部位，意为“打某人的某处”。

strike a match  划火柴

A stone struck me on the head.

一块石头打中了我的头。

The boat struck on a rock.

小船触礁了。

The visitors were struck by the beauty of the country.

游客们被这乡村的美丽打动了。

A good idea struck the manager.

经理想到了一个好主意。

strike a blow  打……一拳;击中

strike against（碰）撞在上面

strike at  向……打去/袭去

strike down  把……打倒在地;打死

strike off  打掉;砍掉

5. damage  n. & v.  损失;损害

It is estimated that the damage is over one million dollars.

据估计，损失超过了一百万美元。

The boys skirted the field so as not to damage the crops.

为了不损害庄稼，孩子们绕着田走。

比较：destroy，damage，ruin的区别

（1） destroy指“彻底毁坏以致不能或很难修复”。

The school was completely destroyed by fire.

学校被大火彻底烧毁了。

（2） damage指“价值、用途降低或外表损坏”等，不一定全部破坏，为不可数名词。

They managed to repair the houses that had been damaged.

他们设法修复了受到破坏的房子。

（3） ruin现在多用于比喻中，泛指一般的“毁坏”。

Youll ruin your chance of getting that job if you wear that shirt for the interview！

你如果穿那件襯衫面试，就会断送得到工作的机会！

6. warning  n.  警告;警示

give （a） warning  发出警告;事前通知

Let this be a warning to you.

希望这件事能成为你的警戒。

I had no warning of the danger.

我事先没有收到危险的警告。

warn  v. 事前告诉（可能发生的事）;使警惕

warn against  让……提防……

warn about/of...  提醒、警告某人注意……

warn off  让不去;让别做

7. pick up  卷起;掀起;拾起;扶起（某人）;收

拾;（车船）中途搭（人）;学会

The boy picked up the hat for the old man.

男孩替老人拾起了帽子。

Grandma Li fell down onto the ground and I ran to pick her up at once.

李奶奶跌倒在地，我赶紧跑过去扶她。

You should pick up the tools after work.

工作结束后你应该把工具收拾好。

The bus picks up commuters at three stops.

公共汽车在三个站载送通勤者。

Where did you pick up your English？

你在哪儿学的英语？

8. take off  去掉;脱掉;起飞;减去;取消;移开;

突然开始成功;开始走红;休假

Helens taking off her coat because it is too hot in the room.

海伦脱去上衣，因为屋里太热了。

The plane took off so smoothly that the passengers could hardly feel it.

飞机起飞得非常平稳，旅客几乎感觉不出来。

Your good news has taken a load off my mind.

你的好消息卸下了我心头的一块石头。

9. end up  结果为……;以……结束

I ended up doing all the work myself.

结果所有的活儿都是我一个人干了。

end up with和end up in都意为“以……结束”，with指以某种方式结束，in后跟的是结果。

If you do that， youll end up with egg on your face.

你要是做那件事，必将以耻辱告终。

If you continue to steal， youll end up in prison.

你要是继续行窃，终归得进监狱。

10. set fire to  放火（焚烧）;激起;使激愤

He set fire to his doormat to make the police take what he was saying more seriously.

他把门垫点燃，是为了让警察能把他说的当回事儿。

I believe the house was deliberately set fire to.

我认为有人蓄意放火烧这栋房子。

The conversation set fire to his dreams.

谈话激发了他的梦想。

Their action set fire to public opinion.

他们的行动激起舆论。

11. catch fire  着火

She was standing too close to the fireplace and her dress caught fire.

她站得离壁炉太近了，因此衣服烧着了。

His house caught fire last night.

昨晚他家失火了。

12. put out  扑灭（火）;熄灭;伸出

Put out the fire before going to bed.

睡觉之前先熄掉火。

Its dangerous to put out your hand now.

现在你把手伸出去很危险。

13. in all  总共;总计

We are fifty in all.

我们总共五十人。

There are fifteen books on the first shelf， twenty-one on the second， which makes thirty-six in all.

書架的第一层有15本书，第二层有21本，总共是36本。

跟踪导练（一）

阅读理解

A

Two university students from the UK， 26-year-old Daniel， a financial tech worker， and James Moynihan， a 27-year-old ship entertainer， wanted to see if they could survive in a tough jungle （丛林） with only limited supplies and a couple of cloth covering them.

Their plan was to spend three weeks camping in the Kuantan rainforest， in Malaysia， but the challenge quickly proved much harder than they had expected. Within hours of setting up camp， they almost ran out of water and while they eventually overcame that problem， they still had to stand mosquitoes and extreme hunger. The trip， which lasted 16 days， had to come to an end after Daniel cut his hand. The pair lost 46 pounds between them during their adventure.

Back in Kuala Lumpur， the English friends spent several days recovering and were crazy about high-calorie snacks like burgers， pizza and cookies before flying back to the UK. Despite all the hardships they faced， including constant shivering （颤抖） during thunderstorms and hundreds of mosquito bites， the pair still thought their adventure was worth it.

“It is scary at times， especially when you go to sleep at night. As you all know， a snake might get in your shelter and then you might not wake up the next morning，” Londoner Daniel said. “You can really step on a snake at any point and not know it. You realize this is how fools die in the wild and are never found.”

“Everyone will face the life-and-death situation， but its normally not planned. And most people wont choose to put themselves in that situation，” James Moynihan said. “We have， and we can tell you that Malaysia is the most awarding bet weve ever taken because now we can say we have felt what its like to have lived.”

1. Why did Daniel and James go to the Kuantan rainforest？

A. To relax themselves.

B. To carry out a diet plan.

C. To see the scenery in the jungle.

D. To test their ability to survive in the wild.

2. What words can best describe the two mens life in the Kuantan rainforest？

A. Hard and adventurous.

B. Exciting and unforgettable.

C. Special and relaxing.

D. Funny and challenging.

3. What do James Moynihans words imply？

A. They had realized their dream.

B. They hadnt prepared well for the trip.

C. They didnt regret having the adventure.

D. They encouraged people to visit Malaysia.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A. An Adventure in the Jungle

B. Great Friendship in the Jungle

C. There Is Always a Risk of Making a Bet

D. How to Face the Life-and-death Situation

B

A typical lion tamer （馴兽师） in peoples mind is an entertainer holding a whip （鞭） and a chair. The whip gets all of the attention， but its mostly for show. In reality， its the chair that does the important work. When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lions face， the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time. With its focus divided， the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next. When faced with so many choices， the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.

How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion？ How often do you have something you want to achieve—only to end up confused by all of the choices in front of you and never make progress？

This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which choice is best， the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. The end result is that we feel like we cant focus or that were focused on the wrong things， and so we take less action， make less progress， and stay the same when we could be improving.

It doesnt have to be that way. Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face， remember this： All you need to do is focus on one thing. You just need to get started. Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.

5. Why does the lion tamer use a chair？

A. To trick the lion. B. To show off his skills.

C. To get ready for a fight. D. To entertain the audience.

6. In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair？

A. They feel confused over choices.

B. They hold on to the wrong things.

C. They find it hard to make changes.

D. They have to do something for show.

7. What does the author feel about the experts mentioned in

Paragraph 3？

A. Worried. B. Doubtful.

C. Respectful. D. Supportive.

8. When you find the world “waving a chair in your face”， youre advised to .

A. wait for a better chance B. ask for clear guidance

C. break your old habits D. take action quickly

跟蹤导练（二）

完形填空

Jackson lived on top of the hill. From his house， he could see the sea and the village1 . One day， the villagers2something different about the sea. The sea seemed to be moving from the3 . None of the villagers knew what was happening.

Jackson understood what was going on. He had seen such a（n）4when he was young. A tsunami （海啸） was approaching and the villagers had to be5but there was no time to send a message to the whole village.

“Tom！” he called out to his grandson. “ 6a torch （火把） quickly！” The boy did what he was told. Jackson took the torch and set his7on fire. Immediately， red8shot upwards and thick smoke rose into the sky.

Tom cried out， “Grandfather！ Why are you setting our house on fire？” Jackson did not answer.9 ， he stood quietly and watched the villagers.10 ， some villagers noticed the11and shouted at everyone to run up the hill to help put out the fire. When Jackson saw everyone running towards him， he was so12 . The villagers did their best but they13to control the fire. Jacksons house was completely burned down but he stood on the hill14 . They thought Jackson had gone15 . They stared at him in disbelief.

Finally， Jackson said， “ 16toward the sea.” The villagers turned and saw a huge17of water rushing towards the village. They were18to see the water swallowing （淹没） the whole village and19everything in its path.

Nothing was left of their homes but everyone was20 on the hill. The villagers realized why Jackson had set fire to his house.

1. A. above B. through C. below D. off

2. A. recognized B. noticed C. designed D. expected

3. A. land B. hill C. sky D. village

4. A. scene B. chance C. alarm D. plot

5. A. found B. punished C. taught D. warned

6. A. Borrow B. Hold C. Light D. Buy

7. A. boat B. house C. clothes D. trees

8. A. balls B. candles C. signs D. flames

9. A. Instead B. However C. Besides D. Therefore

10. A. Suddenly B. Normally C. Actually D. Quietly

11. A. torch B. boy C. sea D. fire

12. A. frightened B. confused C. happy D. crazy

13. A. managed B. refused C. wished D. failed

14. A. crying B. jumping C. shouting D. laughing

15. A. hungry B. mad C. blind D. thirsty

16. A. Look B. Wave C. Head D. Return

17. A. drop B. level C. bottle D. wall

18. A. embarrassed B. disappointed

C. shocked D. amused

19. A. impressing B. destroying

C. approaching D. influencing

20. A. safe B. worried C. helpless D. awake

語法填空

In an effort to raise awareness （意识） of earthquake preparedness， the Department of Homeland Securitys Federal Emergency Management Agency （FEMA）1the Ad Council have partnered with Warner Bros2（start） a new series of public service advertisements （PSAs）. They are featuring scenes from the action thriller， San Andres， which stars Dwayne Johnson.

“ 3a father， I always regard safety as a top of mind issue for me，” said Dwayne Johnson. “That is why Im4（pride） to partner with FEMA and the Ad Council， to make sure as many people as possible know5to do in the event of an earthquake.”

6（create） freely by Warner Bros， for the Ad Council， the PSAs include English language TV and radio advertising. They use scenes from the feature film， San Andres， to amplify （放大） earthquake safety awareness and educate audiences on three7（step） to take if an earthquake8（strike）： “Drop， Cover and Hold on.”

“Earthquakes can occur anywhere in the US without 9（warn），” said FEMA Administrator. “The PSA provides earthquake safety tips that are vital （至关重要的） to preparing yourself and your family to react10（quick）， which will save lives.”

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

跟踪导练（三）

阅读理解

A

Bad news sells. If it bleeds， it leads. No news is good news， and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored （跟踪调查） in different ways， researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts， scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.

“The ‘if it bleeds rule works for mass media，” says Jonah Berger， a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania. “They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when you share a story with your friends， you care a lot more how they react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails， Web posts and reviews， face-to-face conversations—found that it tended （倾向于） to be more positive than negative， but that didnt necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things？ To test for that possibility， Dr Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories： thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.

Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny， but not articles that left them merely sad. They preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article， the more likely it was to be shared， as Dr Berger explains in his new book， Contagious： Why Things Catch On.

1. What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to？

A. News reports. B. Research papers.

C. Private e-mails. D. Daily conversations.

2. What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer？

A. Theyre socially inactive.

B. Theyre good at telling stories.

C. Theyre thoughtless of others.

D. Theyre careful with their words.

3. Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr Bergers research？

A. Sports news. B. Science articles.

C. Personal accounts. D. Financial reviews.

4. What can be a suitable title for the text？

A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide

B. Online News Attracts More People

C. Reading Habits Change with the Times

D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks

B

More and more people have been reported to be attacked （襲击） by sharks in Hawaii specifically in Maui. Researchers from the Land and Natural Resources Department of Hawaii carried out a study to find out the reason behind the alarming increase of these incidents and came up with various explanations.

In order to keep track and record the data on the behavior and activities of sharks living around Oahu and Maui islands and open seas， some tiger sharks were tagged （贴标签） and monitored. Tech Times reported that Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology （HIMB） headed by Charles Meyer found a trend on the locations where sharks prefer to stay. They found that these sharks preferred waters rich in coral reefs （珊瑚礁） filled with foods for them.

Another contributing factor to higher visibility of sharks on waters usually visited by humans is the global warming. Since temperature on the sea floor increased faster than the previous years， sharks tend to find and stay in places where humans also find comfortable.

Humans may also be to blame for the rise in shark attack incident increase， as people tend to stay longer in the ocean nowadays. Man also engages in a lot of activities in the ocean， such as swimming， spear fishing， surfing and kayaking.

Avoiding swimming in waters and near dead animals is the simplest significant ways on how man can protect himself from the sharks. HIMB advised ocean lovers not to think of fear when thinking about sharks but instead think of ways on how to protect themselves. Swimming in the ocean is swimming in a wilderness environment. Sharks are part of this environment. We have to accept that theyre there and take measures to avoid encounters， which are going to occur from time to time.

5. Why did the researchers carry out a study？

A. To give people serious information.

B. To report people were attacked by sharks.

C. To warn people not to get close to sharks.

D. To provide the public reasonable explanations.

6. What did Charles Meyer find about tiger sharks？

A. They live on Oahu and Maui islands.

B. It is not easy to tag and monitor them.

C. There are so many locations for them.

D. They love to stay where coral reefs are rich.

7. Why do sharks attack humans？

A. Climate change has a great influence on them.

B. Sharks can hardly find food in deep water.

C. Humans have damaged their living place.

D. Sharks are annoyed with the swimmers.

8. Where can we probably read the text？

A. In a travel magazine. B. In a story book.

C. In a newspaper. D. In a guide book.

跟蹤导练（四）

阅读七选五

As spring comes， many people can enjoy the new growth that comes with warmer weather. This is a great time to get outside and get dirty！

1 This outdoor activity gives us beautiful plants， pleasant smelling flowers and fresh fruits and vegetables. And it also gives us many health benefits.

Gardening reduces loneliness. It connects people. When you are gardening， you are outdoors. 2 Gardeners usually enjoy showing people what they are growing. And most enjoy sharing advice and stories about their gardens.

Gardening is a great activity to do with children. It gets them outdoors and off computers， televisions and other electronics. 3 Gardening can teach a child about where food comes from and healthy eating. It can also help them to understand the limits of natural resources.

4 This means you are getting vitamin （維生素） D which helps your bodies take in calcium （钙）. That is necessary to keep bones strong. When you garden you must move around. All the different movements needed for gardening work small muscles in the body.

Gardening may help your brain stay young. In one study， researchers found that gardening could lower the risk of future dementia （痴呆） by 36 percent. 5 A flower and herb garden can help feed bees and butterflies. Growing herbs and flowers connects you to nature and pleases all of your senses.

A. Vitamin D also helps us fight diseases.

B. Children can learn about nature and wildlife.

C. Some people may not have their own garden.

D. Gardening is popular in many parts of the world.

E. So it is a perfect time to socialize with your neighbors.

F. When you are in your garden， you might feel the sunshine

on your skin.

G. Gardening can also give you the feeling that you have done

something good.

1.   2.   3.   4.   5.

完形填空

Mom said they might not be back until after eleven. My brother Greg and I1to play hide-and-seek. But there was not much2except in the front room. The3was that we were not allowed in there by ourselves. Anyway， we just took the4 .

Once there， both of us were cautious （谨慎的） and moved about5for some while. Then， when I hid behind a tapestry （壁毯），6by my brother， I jumped out. With a sense of horror， I felt my right elbow striking something7 . We heard a crash. Even8we dared to look， we knew that the vase （花瓶） lay broken.

When Mom and Dad came home and viewed the pieces， we knew any9would only serve to fuel their anger. Mom10us to sit on the bare floor， beside the ruin. She cried， “How could the two of you have done this？” Greg and I， too11to cry， could voice no answer. After a while， she allowed us to12and stayed there alone by herself， much like a statue.

Greg and I13throughout that night， struggling to decide what we might do to14it. We hoped with the money we had15we might just have enough to buy a vase. The next day， we set off to16through every local shop until we found a good copy.

When we17home in silence， we18Mom and Dad with what wed bought. Dad19out， took it from Greg and then passed it to Mom. She sighed， “You broke our Ming vase.” But we believed they knew we were20 .

1. A. decided B. refused C. pretended D. happened

2. A. warmth B. space C. light D. work

3. A. rule B. reason C. problem D. answer

4. A. step B. break C. chance D. risk

5. A. freely B. quickly C. excitedly D. carefully

6. A. forced B. followed C. discovered D. asked

7. A. really B. hard C. loudly D. easily

8. A. after B. before C. unless D. until

9. A. permission B. information C. explanation D. instruction

10. A. wanted B. invited C. ordered D. taught

11. A. polite B. frightened C. annoyed D. stupid

12. A. run B. play C. leave D. speak

13. A. slept B. listened C. cried D. talked

14. A. fix B. make C. finish D. count

15. A. spent B. saved C. borrowed D. dropped

16. A. go B. search C. see D. get

17. A. missed B. stayed C. arrived D. drove

18. A. offered B. served C. supplied D. presented

19. A. came B. reached C. handed D. called

20. A. sorry B. proud C. delighted D. worried

跟蹤导练（五）

阅读理解

On Nov. 24， near Yellowstones northeast entrance （入口）， Spitfire， a female grey wolf， was shot and killed by a hunter as she approached a group of small houses.

“It was a legal harvest，” Abby Nelson， a wolf management specialist said. “The circumstances are obviously a little bit harder for people to stomach， but that pack has showed signs of habituation. They just stand there and have no fear. Wolf hunters can easily pick the one they want.”

The carefree relation that some Yellowstone wolves have built with humans is reportedly attractive for hunters who look for an easy kill.

In the overnight， yet another famous Yellowstone wolf meeting a violent end outside the park， officials are actively rethinking how to manage wildlife habituation.

Smith， a wolf biologist for Yellowstone， says， “Now were thinking of pounding them. Park officials might use fireworks， and paintball or beanbag guns when they approach humans in the park. If they get close to people， theyre going to get attacked （袭击）.”

If you think this sounds cruel， youre not alone. Seeing these creatures from the roads that wind through the park not only allows tourists to witness something amazing， but also to reconnect with nature in a way that is better than any conservation campaign. But theres also a growing sense that the present policy of doing nothing isnt working： more wolves will needlessly die and the broken record of hunters scoring easy kills will go on.

As Smith adds， calling for people to keep wolves wild when meeting them halfway is always hard. Still， hes hopeful to preserve （保留） the worlds best place to observe free-ranging wolves： its a policy change that tourists can be involved in.

“...perhaps Spitfires death will accomplish some good， and well all come together to do a better job on managing crowds and roads and wolves in Yellowstone， ” Smith said.

1. What was the main cause of the death of Spitfire？

A. Wildlife habituation. B. Park officials carelessness.

C. The nature of grey wolves. D. The cruelty of the hunter.

2. What does the underlined word “pounding” in Paragraph 5 probably mean？

A. Greeting. B. Protecting.

C. Challenging. D. Hitting.

3. What does Smith expect visitors to do in Yellowstone？

A. Force wolves away from them.

B. Avoid meeting grey wolves.

C. Be more friendly to wolves.

D. Keep away from wolves.

4. What does the text mainly tell us？

A. The wolves in Yellowstone are out of control.

B. Illegal wolf-hunting in Yellowstone is going on.

C. Yellowstone considers “attacking” wolves to protect them.

D. The wolves in Yellowstone are getting on well with humans.

閱读七选五

Is our planet heating up？ Are human beings responsible  for climate change？ 1 The discussion on this subject has been heated， but what are scientists actually saying？ At Readers Digest， we decided to find it out.

2

Yes， it has， and even warmer. Greenland was forested between 450，000 and 800，000 years ago， so temperatures were considerably warmer then. There have also been other times of relatively high temperatures.

So why does the concern exist （存在）？

Its all about the speed at which temperatures are changing. 3 But in the 20th and 21st centuries， especially since 1976， temperatures have probably risen more quickly than during any century in the past 1，000 years. Warming may bring improved crop production and other benefits to northern countries such as Canada or Russia. However， many species may not adapt （适应） to these conditions. 4 Mosquitoes have been moving northwards to higher places. The mountain pine beetle， which is active during warmer winters， has already destroyed about 13 million hectares of Canadas forests， worth an estimated $6.4 billion.

What is causing the warming？

IPCC has concluded that human activity is very likely responsible， by increasing the concentrations （含量） of greenhouse gases and thus the greenhouse effect. 5 They argue the human contribution is nothing.

A. Some scientists， however， still disagree.

B. Has the planet ever been this warm before？

C. Has human behavior made the planet warm？

D. Temperatures have been changing all the time.

E. And the one that is able to may cause a problem.

F.  In the past， temperatures moved up or down gradually.

G. These questions have come into newspapers， films and

popular books.

1.   2.   3.   4.   5.

跟踪导练（六）

选词填空

用方框里单词的正确形式填空，使其句意完整。有两个词是多余的。

erupt strike cause wave experience bury

possible previous feather lucky occur warn

1. I want someone who is more ____ than Tom.

2. The wind lifts the soft ____ on the little ducks head.

3. The place was recently visited by a serious volcanic ____ .

4. Is there any ____ of getting to London this week？

5. I arrived late but ____ the meeting didnt begin yet.

6. The old tree ____ by lightning last night.

7. Laughing for a while， they went on ____ the fallen flowers.

8. The radio gave a ____ of bad weather.

9. At the beginning of June an event ____ .

10. It rained heavily in the south， ____ serious flooding in several provinces.

句子翻譯

1. 如果你像那样开车，你早晚得进医院。（end up）

2. 那幢楼房昨天夜里起火了，现在还烧着。（catch fire）

3. 过去十年间我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。（take place）

4. 地震造成了极大的损害，总共有四百人丧生。（in all）

5. 树叶被风卷起，在空中飘着。（pick up）

短文改错

A big storm destroyed two villages in South Africa on last Friday， causing 4 death. Over 200 people became homeless as a result of the storm. A farmer said the storm began early in the morning and last one hour. He said， “I was in the kitchen with my wife and children while we heard a loud noise. A few minutes late， our house fell down. I managed to climb out， but much to my shocking， one of my boys  were missing. I quickly went back inside and found  them safe but frightened.” Soldiers came to save those burying under the ruins， and the government provided food， clothes， and places to live for homeless.

书面表达

假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Linda来信讲述了她家乡刚经历的一场龙卷风，并表达了这场灾难给她带来的内心的不安。请你根据提示给她回信，内容包括：

1.表达关心;

2.询问生活情况;

3.表达愿意尽力给予帮助。

注意：

1.词数100左右;

2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Climate Change Has Helped Bring Down Cultures

气候变化导致文化衰落

Epidemiologist Anthony McMichael of Australian National University surveyed how human societies survived extreme weather brought on by climate shifts. The big threat is changes to food production. And weve never weathered a climate change so big， so rapid and so widespread as the one we are now busily creating by burning fossil fuels， notes McMichael.

澳大利亞国立大学的流行病理学家安东尼·麦克迈克尔调查了在气候变化造成的极端天气情况下，人类社会是如何生存的。他认为，食物生产的变化是一个极大的威胁。他还指出，我们使用矿物燃料对气候造成的影响，规模之大、速度之快、传播之广，是前所未有的。

Long-running climate changes have often brought about the downfall of cultures， including foiling the earliest human attempts at settled farming nearly 13，000 years ago. Around that time， a major millennia-long climate cooling event known as the “Younger Dryas” coincides with the end of most settlements along the Nile Delta and in modern-day Syria. Skeletons from the era evince “an unusually high proportion of violent deaths， many accompanied by remnants of weapons，” McMichael noted. More recently， three back-to-back decades-long droughts afflicted Mayan society in Central America between roughly 760 AD and 920 AD， and marked the end of that cultures regional dominance.

长期的气候变化常常导致文化的衰落，包括粉碎了大约1.3万年前早期人类想要安顿下来务农的打算。大约在那个时候，一个被称为“新仙女木”的千年气候变冷的重大事件，与尼罗河三角洲和现在的叙利亚的大多数定居点的终结恰好同时发生。麦克迈克尔指出，那个时期的人类骨骼显示出“极高的暴力死亡率，并伴有大量的武器残骸”。再后来，大约在公元760年到920年之间，连续三次长达几十年的旱情对中美洲的玛雅社会造成了巨大的打击，标志着玛雅文明对该地区的统治结束。

Culture destruction caused by shorter-term climate changes have proven equally devastating. Decade-long drought in 17th century China led to starvation， internal migration and， ultimately， one factor of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty. A seven-year span of torrential rains， attendant floods and cold in the early 1300s helped cause a famine that may have killed as much as 10 percent of the people in northern Europe—a generation that would then face the Black Death a few decades later.

短期的气候变化已被证明对文化具有同样的破坏性。17世纪中国发生的一场长达十年的旱情，导致饥荒和境内迁移，并最终使其成为明朝衰落的一个原因。14世纪早期，一场跨度七年的暴雨，以及随之而来的洪水和寒潮造成的饥荒，可能导致了北欧10%的人口死亡。在其后几十年，那一代人所面对的是黑死病。