Abstract

RethinkingtheGlobalFoodSystemUnderCOVID-19

FANShenggen,GAOHaixiu

AbstractThe global food system has already been under multiple threats even before the outbreak of COVID-19. The epidemic has made the food system even more vulnerable. It has led many to rethink of the future global food system. The world has entered an era of complex risks with multiple crises coexisting,thus strengthening resilience of the global food system is crucial. This article first reviews the current state of global food and nutrition security. Then,the challenges brought by the coronavirus to global food and nutrition security are analyzed. Finally,the article proposes policy recommendations to strengthen the resilience of the future global food system.As of 2019,690 million people worldwide are suffering from hunger,2 billion people are unable to obtain safe,nutritious and adequate food,and 144 million children are stunted.The pandemic of the coronavirus has disrupted the world food supply chain and has caused severe damage to disadvantaged groups,and the number of hungry people has increased significantly. The future global food system should be efficient,high-productive,low-carbon,healthy and nutritious,resilient,sustainable and inclusive,in which “resilience” is important for coping with and recover from shocks like COVID -19. This article proposes several key recommendations in order to strengthen the resilience of the global agricultural and food system in the future including those in technology,policies,institutions,and trade.

KeywordsCOVID -19; food system; food insecurity; malnutrition; resilience

RuralHouseholds’CreditMarketParticipationinPoorAreas:PerspectiveofLocalKnowledgeofLending

HUANGHuichun，GUANNingning

AbstractThe credit market participation of rural households in poor areas is an important factor affecting the effect of credit poverty alleviation. Based on the theory of local knowledge,this paper constructs an analysis framework of rural households’ credit market participation in poor areas from the perspective of credit concept,wealth cognition and life logic,and takes the empirical data of Inner Mongolia and Shandong province as evidence. The research shows that local knowledge of lending,as a financial and cultural background factor that affects rural households’ production and life,has a potential role in regulating and guiding rural households’ participation in the credit market in poor areas. The credit market participation behaviors of rural households show external consistency in the same region,but demonstrate obvious differences among different regions. Therefore,in the context of the targeted poverty alleviation policy that emphasizes helping villages and households,attention should be paid to the collective and regional characteristics of rural households’ credit needs in poor areas,and credit poverty alleviation tools should be innovated according to the time,place and individual conditions.

Keywordslocal knowledge of lending; poor areas; credit market; participation behavior; credit poverty alleviation

TheParadoxBetweenFarmers’WillingnessandAdoptionofRiskManagement

SHANGYan,XIONGTao

AbstractRisk is an inherent part of agriculture and thus unifying households’ risk management willingness with their behavior is the crucial way to reduce the negative influence of agriculture risk on agricultural production. Collecting data of large crop-land farmers in Northeast China and Hubei province in 2018,this study analyzes the willingness,behavior and the deviation of farmers’ risk management from the perspective of natural risk and market risk and explores the causes of the deviation. The empirical results show that most farmers have adopted a management strategy for natural risk,but they have lower risk management willingness. In contrast,the farmers’ market risk management behavior is extremely scarce,but they have higher risk management willingness. The results show that the actual behavior control of risk management,the willingness to implement risk management and the external environment of risk management are the main factors causing the paradox between the willingness and behavior of natural risk management of farmers. In addition,the lack of understanding of agricultural insurance and the existing deficiencies of agricultural insurance are also important reasons for the paradox. The farmers’ readiness for implementation of risk management and the external environment are the main factors causing the paradox between farmers’ market risk management willingness and their behavior. Besides,farmers’ lack of access to information,lack of understanding of market risk management tools,and even obvious misunderstanding and distrust are also important reasons. Therefore,in order to unify farmers’ risk management willingness with their behavior,we need to strengthen government publicity and guidance for market risk management,improve the mechanism for popularizing agricultural insurance,expand trials of insurance plus futures.

Keywordsrisk management; the paradox between willingness and behavior; large-scale farmers; natural risk; market risk

Non-agriculturalEmploymentExperience,BehavioralCompetenceandOperatingEfficiencyofNewProfessionalFarmers

LUOMingzhong，LEIXiankai

AbstractBased on 501 questionnaires from the provinces of Guangdong and Jiangxi,the article uses gives an empirical test to the impact of non-agricultural employment experience and behavioral competence on the operating efficiency of new professional farmers by adopting a two-stage model of DEA-Tobit and an mediation effect model. The results show that the operating efficiency of the new type of professional farmers is on the low side,and there is plenty of room for improvement. The non-agricultural employment experience plays a significant role in promoting the operating efficiency of new professional farmers,in which the working experience and business experience has a positive impact on operating efficiency of new professional farmers. Non-agricultural employment experience helps to improve behavioral competence which plays the mediating role in the relationship of “non-agricultural experience and operating efficiency”. The effects of control variables (such as terrain features) pass the significance test. Therefore,workers with rich non-agricultural employment experience should be encouraged to take up employment in agriculture,and the differentiated cultivation policies have to be adopted for workers who have different employment experiences and are willing to engage in agriculture so as for the rural revitalization.

Keywordsnew professional farmers；non-agricultural employment experience；behavioral competence；operating efficiency

TheImpactofServiceFailureonRepurchaseIntentioninE-CommerceforAgriculturalProducts

JIANGYi,CHIYunjia,ZENGJing

AbstractCustomers often react strongly to service failure,so understanding consumers’ responses to different types of service failures is a key prerequisite for e-commerce enterprises of agricultural products to address service failures and promote long-term development. In this article,according to the definition of e-service quality,the authors divide e-service failure of agricultural product into four categories:fulfillment,website design,privacy and security,and customer service,exploring the mechanism of consumers’ response to e-service failures of agricultural products through an exchange framework,and using the between-subjects experiment design to test the hypothesis. According to the results,different types of agricultural product e-service failures have different negative effects on consumers’ repurchase intention. Furthermore,consumers’ perceived fairness mediates the negative effect of agricultural e-service failures on consumers’ repurchase intention. In addition,different types of agricultural product e-service failures have different negative effects on the specific dimensions of perceived fairness. Accordingly,this study suggests that e-commerce enterprises of agricultural products attach importance to the problem of e-service failure,strengthen the classified management of service failure,and fully consider the role of consumers’ perceived fairness when developing coping strategies.

Keywordsagricultural product; e-commerce; service failure; perceived fairness; repurchase intention

HowDoesDynamicCapabilityInfluenceSmallandMedium-sizedAgriculturalE-commerceEnterprises’Performance

LIUDi,SUNJian

AbstractThe competition among enterprises changes from relative static mode to dynamic mode due to economic globalization and environmental uncertainty. Hence it is essential for enterprises to obtain sustainable competitive edge by acquring,integrating and reconstructing resources through dynamic capabilities. Based on the survey data of 123 small and medium-sized agricultural e-commerce enterprises in Ganzhou,Jiangxi Province and Lishui,Zhejiang Province,this paper empirically analyzes the relationship among enterprise innovation behavior,dynamic capability and enterprise performance by using mediating effect model. The research shows that the three dimensions of the dynamic capability have a significant positive effect on the performance of the enterprise,and the innovation behavior of the enterprise has an intermediate role between the dynamic capability and the enterprise performance relationship. Specifically,the enterprise knowledge acquisition ability improves the enterprise performance through the internal system reform and the market development behavior; the enterprise integration utilization ability improves the enterprise performance by acting on the enterprise new technology adoption behavior; the enterprise reconstruction transformation ability improves the enterprise performance by acting on the enterprise market development behavior. Therefore,it is proposed that the small and medium-sized agricultural product e-commerce enterprise,based on its own capability advantage,should adopt the corresponding innovation behavior,which will help to improve the performance.

Keywordsagricultural e-commerce enterprises; dynamic capability; innovation behavior; performance; Statistical mediation testing

AgriculturalSubsidies,RuralIncomeIncreaseandIncomeInequality

YANGDan,WANGXiaoli,TANGYu

AbstractThe effective measurement of the effect of agricultural subsidies on household income is an important issue in evaluating agricultural policies and implementing targeted poverty alleviation. This paper theoretically explains the effect of agricultural subsidies on income increase and the mechanism of the impact of agricultural subsidies on farmers’ income heterogeneity,and uses the instrumental variable quantile regression to verify the theoretical hypothesis based on the data of Chinese Household Finance Survey (CHFS) in 2015. The results show that:there are differences in the impact of agricultural subsidies on the income of farmers at different income levels; agricultural subsidy can significantly promote the increase of low-income farmers’ income,but has no significant impact on the income of high-income farmers; there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of agricultural subsidies on household income; agricultural subsidies can significantly promote the increase of farmers’ income in the eastern and western regions,but have no significant impact in the central region; agricultural subsidies can alleviate the income inequality of farmers at different income levels. Agricultural subsidies alleviate the income inequality of farmers in the central and western regions,but aggravate the income inequality of farmers in the eastern and central regions.

Keywordsagricultural subsidies; household income; heterogeneity; income inequality; instrumental variable quantile regression

AgeStructureofRuralLaborForceandMeasurementofNon-agriculturalTransferinanAgingSociety

ZHAOHaitao,ZHUFan,CHANGJinxiong

AbstractThe aging of transplanted agricultural population is an important feature of rural labor migration from rural to urban areas. We construct a two-sector model to study the migration decision of the young labor force and the old-age labor force from the perspective of labor efficiency and explain this phenomenon and obtain the two-stage theoretical characteristics of labor transfer. Based on census data,this paper first calculates the number of laborers of all ages who moved from agriculture to non-agriculture in the four time periods:1995-2000,2000-2005,2005-2010,and 2010-2015 and verifies the two-stage characteristics of rural labor transfer:the young laborers in the initial period flowed out of agriculture,and it was difficult for the old-aged labor force to flow out; in the later period the young laborers began to return to agriculture,and the older laborers flowed out of agriculture. This conclusion shows that the benefit of allocating different age group laborers between agriculture and non-agriculture still exists. We hold the opinion that promoting the reform of the household registration system and the land system and developing the tertiary industry can facilitate the free flow of the labor force in the second stage,better take advantage of the benefit and revitalize the countryside.

Keywordsaging; labor efficiency; labor migration; agricultural sector; census

TheEffectofSpecialTrustonEntrepreneurshipinRuralAreaintheContextofRuralRevitalization

LIUJiankun,HEXiaobin,WANGYi

AbstractThe native’s returning home and starting a business is essential to the rural economy development and rural rejuvenation. This article uses the data from a nationwide survey of these native entrepreneurs after the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy,and examines the impact of special trust from relatives on the entire process of entrepreneurship. The study found that special trust will enable entrepreneurs to start businesses based on developmental motivations,but will inhibit them from obtaining policy information and labor through formal channels so that it will not promote objective economic performance. Therefore,on the basis of encouraging entrepreneurs to give play to the positive impact of special trust in the initial stage of entrepreneurship,the relevant departments should actively enhance the entrepreneurs’ familiarity with preferential policies and strengthen the implementation of policies to improve their economic performance.

Keywordsrural revitalization; entrepreneurship in rural; special trust; process of entrepreneurship

DifferentiatedTypesofFirstSecretarySystemPracticeandItsShapingMechanism

CUIPanpan

AbstractThe first secretary system with the characteristics of complexity and diversification in the practice of grassroots governance is an institutional exploration and innovation in the field of poverty alleviation in China.The introduction of the first secretary system into the village has realized the integration of national governance and grass-roots autonomy at the village level,forming a differentiated governance structure and practice.The survey of villages found that there are three modes of interaction between the first secretary system and the village society:arranged substitution,cooperative assistance,and passive alienation. This practical difference is shaped by the village’s resource base and governance capabilities,local government’s village positioning and resource matching,and the first secretary’s personal resource network and career pursuit. The first secretary system has produced problems of accuracy and sustainability in practice. Optimizing the performance of the first secretary system should be carried out from the aspects of organizational system reconstruction and accurate resource docking in order to promote the endogenous poverty alleviation and independent development capabilities.

Keywordsthe first secretary system; village society；interactive governance; targeted poverty alleviation; grassroots governance

ReviewofVillageOrderAftertheIntroductionofProjecttotheCountryside

DENGQuanyang，FEIMeiping

AbstractThe project introduced to the countryside is both a resource to the countryside and a rule to the countryside. The injection of resources and the guidance of the rules have reconstructed the governance order within the village with regard to the operation logic of village power and the rules of public interest distribution and a “power-benefit network” within the village was established. The stably periodic election of village cadres,the circle of the distribution of benefit opportunities,and the closure of project operations are the external characteristics of the operation of the “power-benefit network” within the village. In the “power-benefit network”,the relationship network constructed by information sharing,he operation of the order promoted by the transfer of interests,and the autonomous order shaped by the formalization of responsibility have all brought about new changes in the content of village order. The project introduced to the countryside can promote the formulation of system to boost village development and.shape the internal social order of the village.

Keywordsthe project to the countryside; “power-benefit network”; village order; elite group

NegotiatedGovernance：LogicalInterpretationoftheConstructionofRuralWasteSortingMechanism

JIANGPei

AbstractPublic governance of rural environment is a complex negotiation process in which multiple parties constantly interact and repeatedly dispute with one another. The rural waste sorting mechanism in Zhejiang Province was implemented at the local government administrative orders. In the context of environmental governance,it conformed to the national policy of the country,but it did not necessarily satisfy the “taste” of the farmers. Under the support and guidance of local elites such as village cadres,through the internal organization of the village to guide and innovate ways of management,farmers’ habit of garbage classification can be gradually shaped,and according to the practical experience of rural waste classification,some feasible garbage classification system that conforms to the rural society can be eventually established by local governments. The establishment of rural waste sorting mechanism in Zhejiang Province is not only the process of initiation,adaptation and perfection of the mechanism,but also the process of farmers adjusting their behavior and developing waste sorting habit under the influence of government classification system and production lifestyle. It is also a result of compromise among local government,village cadres and villagers under the influence of power and social relations.

Keywordsrural areas; interactive governance; waste classification; mechanism establishment; behavior shaping

AdjacentGovernance:RegionalCooperativeGovernanceBasedonMajorIndustries

GUOSong

Abstract“Adjacent Governance” originated from the adjacent area of Zhejiang and Shanghai and provides a reference for regional cooperative governance. This model keeps the administrative division and administrative system unchanged,while the adjacent areas are deeply connected in regional cooperative governance. It is developed on the basis of rationalized party organization,government cooperation,industrial development,and community governance. Main industries are key elements in promoting regional cooperation and public governance,the essence of which is the process of “rationalization of local issues” and “publicity of civic issues”. “Adjacent Governance” is underpinned by adequate interregional linkages,interaction between administration and autonomy,cooperation at the industrial level,and the embedding of farm livelihoods and public governance. Despite its limitations,“Adjacent Governance” provides practical theoretical value for regional cooperative governance in terms of sources of motivation,articulation mechanisms and forms of realization.

Keywordsadjacent governance; regional cooperative governance; administrative boundary; major industries; rural tourism

PracticalDemandandInstitutionalSupplyofState-ownedAgriculturalLandUtilization

CHENYang,ZHANGYuzhen,YEJianping

AbstractBased on current situation of the state-owned farmland system,this paper constructs the improvement scheme of the state-owned farmland system according to the practical demand of the state-owned farms and farmers. In order to reform the management system of state-owned farm,,land use right can be defined as property right on the basis of state-owned land reclamation to promote the paid use of agricultural land use right steadily. Based on the two-field system,the land management right in the basic fields should be modeled as usufructuary right. And the land management right in the large-scale fields can be set up according to the logic of right and obligation right dichotomy. The long-term land management right is set as real right,and coordinated according to Property Law;while the short-term management right is set as creditor’s right on the principle of freedom of contract,and coordinated according to Contract Law to meet the needs of business entities. In the process of land legislation,two different types of norms should be integrated to distinguish the real rights of state-owned agricultural land from the obligation rights. In addition,while improving the property right system of state-owned agricultural land,the corresponding social security,management and operating system reforms should be enhanced.

Keywordsland ownership; land use rights; land management rights; institutional analysis; state-owned farms

TheImpactofLandTransferonFarmers’IncomeBasedonthePerspectiveofDecision-MakingBehavior:Evidencesfrom9CountiesinEasternHubei

PENGKaili,CHENGHe

AbstractTo scientifically analyze income changes of farmers’ households after land transfer,this paper explains incentives of decision-making behavior of farmers’ land transfer by micro-economics models,uses binary logistic regression to analyze influencing factors of farmers’ decision on land transfer and uses propensity score matching to test the impact of rural land transfer on farmers’ household income level and income structure based on survey data of rural households of 9 counties (cities/districts) in the eastern part of Hubei province. The results imply that：1) farmers’ education,area of land management,number of people in agricultural labor force,policy cognition and property right cognition have a significant positive impact on farmers’ scale operation of transferred land flow. The age of heads of household,management type,endowment insurance and policy cognition are the main incentives for farmers to low out their land and engage in off-farm activities. 2) Land flow in or out is beneficial to farmers’ household income increase since its income growth rate is 12.74% and 7.57%,respectively,compared with land non-flow farmers. 3) There are significant structural differences in the income growth effect between transfer-in farmers and transfer-out farmers. The former contribution rates of operating income,wage income,transfer income and property income to household income increase are 62.87%,26.24%,9.05% and 1.84%,and the latter contribution rates are -52.41%,88.69%,25.09% and 40.33% respectively. Therefore,this paper puts forward some policy suggestions to broaden the channels of increasing farmers’ income:cultivating new-type agricultural businesses and adopting new transfer patterns to promote the efficiency of agricultural production,and further reforming land tenure policy for different types of farmers.

Keywordsland transfer; farmers’ decision-making behavior; income effect; channels for income growth; propensity score matching

ResearchontheImpactsofLandTransferonFarmers’WelfareintheContextofConfirmingtheRightsofFarmland

GUANJianghua，ZHANGAnlu

AbstractThe impact of land transfer on farmers’ welfare has been studied after confirming the rights of farmland. Taking 440 farmers in Hubei Province as the research object,based on the theory of Sen’s feasible ability,using Logistic model and Propensity Score matching Method (PSM),the welfare factors affecting farmers’ participation in land transfer after confirming the rights of farmland have been analyzed,and the changes of farmers’ welfare in land transfer have been measured to explicate the impact of land transfer on farmers’ welfare. The results showed that:1) After confirming the rights of farmland,the welfare factors that affected farmers’ participation in the land transfer were net income of family,medical insurance,recognition of social security,difficulty of employment,self-assessment of the health status,farmers’ right to participate the land transfer and satisfaction with the transfer price; 2) Through measuring the effect of the change,farmers’ welfare could been significantly improved by land transfer with the effect value of the change in the welfare of the out-transferred farmers being 1.10,and that of the change in the welfare of in-transferred farmers 0.793; 3) after confirming the rights of the farmland,the net income of the family,the recognition of the social security of farmers and the self-assessment of the health status could significantly improve the level of farmers’ welfare,while the difficulty of employment would hinder the improvement of farmers’ welfare; the satisfaction of land transfer price could improve the welfare of out-transferred farmers,but hinder the welfare improvement of in-transferred farmers. Therefore,it is proposed that relevant policies and recommendations such as building an effective transfer price mechanism,increasing differentiated skill training and improving the transfer farmers’ social security system should be put forward,to promote the improvement of farmers’ welfare in the land transfer after confirming farmland rights.

Keywordsfeasibleability; PSM; farmland rights confirmation; land transfer; farmers’ welfare

TheDeepLogicalAnalysisofGlobalFoodSecurityEvaluationSystem

TANGLixia，ZHAOWenjie,LIXiaoyun

AbstractThe current global food security situation is still very serious. As an important means of global governance,especially global agriculture and food governance,food security evaluation system has attracted the attention of the international community in recent years. All kinds of international organizations,research institutions and collaborative mechanisms composed of multilateral interest groups have participated in the system,and in-depth analysis will help China better participate in global governance and safeguard national food security. Through analysis of evaluation systems formulated by the governance bodies such as Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,it can be found that elements such as standards setting,data collection and processing,and ranking and classification have formed the deep logic of the system,and reflect that the global governance is still dominated by the west. In China’s long-term policy practice and academic research,a variety of food security evaluation systems have been formulated,but these evaluation systems focus on food production and supply,and pay less attention to the consequences of food issues. Moreover,the evaluation systems developed by the academia have little international influence. In general,it can be found that the effectiveness of food security evaluation has not been fully realized,the new global governance system needs to be established,and the discourse and experience of China and other developing countries should receive more attention in the global governance system.

Keywordsglobal governance; agriculture and food governance; food security; evaluation system

SpecialInvestigationofandEnlightenmentfromGermanFarmerCooperatives

WANGYubin,GUONaying,ZHAOTieqiao

AbstractGermany is one of the birthplaces of cooperatives. Based on a two-week special survey of German cooperatives,this paper focuses on the adaptive characteristics,trend characteristics and social system background of German farmers’ cooperatives. It is found that the German farmers’ cooperatives have the following adaptability characteristics:complete hierarchical organization system,diversified and specialized industrial types,comprehensive and diversified service content,institutionalized daily operation system,regional stability of service and organic industrial development. It also has the trend characteristics of growing enterprise-orientation,decreasing absolute quantity,increasing scale strength,increasingly professional management team and diversified earnings distribution. Moreover,the farmer association system,perfect social security system,perfect social service system and good social credit system all over Germany constitute the “four rounds” to drive and guarantee the sustainable and healthy development of farmer cooperatives. Finally,the paper summarizes and analyzes the problems and challenges faced by the farmers’ cooperatives in China,such as the unsynchronized growth of quantity and quality,the increasing heterogeneity of members,the imperfection of supporting policies,the lack of service-oriented cooperatives,and the indefinite debate on attributes,and proposes to promote the quality of farmers’ cooperatives,create relaxing environment for the development of cooperatives and build China’s “ Four rounds” as a driving force for the development of farmers’ cooperatives to encourage in-depth Union and cooperation among farmers.

KeywordsGermany; farmer cooperatives; special investigation; experience reference；“Four wheel” drive theory