What History Tells

By Chen Ping

The English version of the Chinese history book The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea has come off the press at just the right moment to mark the 70th anniversary of the Chinese Peoples Volunteers （CPV） timely， active， justified and consequential participation in the Korean War from 1950 to 1953.

Jointly published by the Beijing-based Foreign Languages Press and the Military Science Publishing House， the nearly 2，000-page work is split into three volumes， and is an official account of the bitter and difficult war that initially began as a civil war， but later involved， to varying degrees， the U.S.， the UK， France， the Soviet Union and China.

“Based on the wealth of archival documents and historical materials available at home and abroad， this work explains why the war broke out and why China became involved，”reads the short introduction on the back cover of the book.

Panoramic view

As outlined in the foreword， the work has the following characteristics.

First， with a focus on combat operations， political struggles， top-level decision-making and strategic guidance， the book is a comprehensive， systematic and objective description of the relevant military， political， diplomatic and economic activities relating to the war.

Second， the book is based on rich， solid and authoritative historical materials， including archival documents from the Central Archives of China， Archives of the Peoples Liberation Army（PLA） and relevant historical documents—both Chinese and foreign—that have been made publicly available.

Third， the book makes breakthroughs and introduces innovations in terms of the scope and depth of research on the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea， especially Chinas inevitable participation.

“In short， we seek to give readers a panoramic view of the history of the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea that represents both the official and the mainstream academic viewpoints of China，” the foreword concludes， before making a brief acknowledgment.

As an academic book， it has three indexes—Proper Nouns， Personal Names and Place Names—at the end of each volume to facilitate easy and useful reference. It also has color maps and sketches showing the changing situation and military operations at different stages of the war.

It is a pity that the large quantity of historical photographs that can be found in the Chinese version of the book are not included in the English version， making the book seemingly a bit too bland for experienced eyes.

“Panoramic” is a keyword that should not be ignored. The book covers roughly one decade and elaborates in detail the situation and tasks faced by the Peoples Republic of China concerning the Korean Peninsula， from the countrys founding on October 1， 1949 to October 1958， when the last batch of Chinese soldiers withdrew from the Korean Peninsula.

Compiled by Chinese experts on military history， the book puts forward many new ideas by reexamining important issues， such as the relationship between the Communist Party of China Central Committees decision to send CPV troops to Korea and top Soviet Union leader Joseph Stalins role， the relationship between the war on the Korean Peninsula and the Taiwan question， the timing of the armistice negotiations， the repatriation of prisoners of war， and the relationship between the war and the economic construction of the Peoples Republic of China.

To sum up， the book establishes a new perspective—a Chinese interpretation and justification of the war—that differs greatly from traditional or conventional Western views.

A great and justified war

The War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea has been hailed in China as a great and just war for safeguarding peace and resisting aggression.

One major and great contribution of the book lies in its efforts to demonstrate the righteousness of China in sending its soldiers to fight the U.S.-led UN troops.

From the Chinese perspective， there was nothing wrong with China sending its troops to fight against U.S. aggression as its territorial security was under immediate threat from a strong and unfriendly power.

In Mao Zedongs own words， “Entering the war is greatly to our advantage； it is greatly to our disadvantage if we do not enter the war.”

In order to avoid the positioning of a powerful U.S. military force on its border， or even a possible U.S. invasion， and to prevent a hostile anti-Communist Korean regime as its neighbor， China had no choice but to send its army to fight on Korean soil.

Therefore， Henry Kissinger rightfully argues in his influential book Diplomacy， “Mao had reason to conclude that， if he did not stop America in Korea， he might have to fight America on Chinese territory； at a minimum， he was given no reason to think otherwise.”

When China entered the war in October 1950， the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea （DPRK） was on its last legs， but China didnt intervene in the war “at its own discretion，” as some scholars from the Republic of Korea （ROK） have alleged. They should be aware that China entered the war upon an invitation from the DPRK Government.

Toward the end of a letter addressed to Mao and jointly written with DPRKs Foreign Minister Pak Hon-yong， Kim Il-sung explicitly pled for military aid.

“We have no choice but to request you to provide us with special assistance， that is， in the case that the enemies have launched assaults to the north of the 38th Parallel， we are desperately expecting that the PLA would assist our armys operations by directly sending troops！”

So Chinas participation in the war was within a tradition of shichu youming—dispatching troops with just cause.

The Chinese see the war as just because it was fought to save a neighboring country on the verge of total collapse， to defend their own homeland and safeguard their own borders. Chinas name for the military conflict， the War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea， reflects this perspective.

Though dubbed a “forgotten war” in the West， the war should be remembered in China. As an important player in the war， China needs more in-depth and diversified academic research on the war， but not just focusing on the military side of the entire picture， as the current book has to some extent.