英语定语从句的学习方法探究

福建省德化第三中学

一、英语定语从句的概念与分类

定语从句即在复合句中充当定语成分的句子，由关联词、先行词、关系代词、关系副词等组成。关联词是连接定语从句与主句之间的副词或者代词；先行词是被定语从句限制、修饰的代词与名词；关系代词如“whom”、“who”、“whose”、“that”；关系副词如“why”、“when”、“where”等。关系代词、关系副词在定语从句中，充当句子成分，如果关系代词为主语，那么先行词、谓语需要保持一致。[2]

具备状语功能的定语从句：从大类型来看，定语从句包括限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句两类，具备状语功能的定语从句是基于此衍生出的新类型，对先行词并不会起到很大的限制和修饰作用，能够补充句子内容。

二、英语定语从句的学习和分类

常用的关系代词有who／whom（指人），whose（指人或物），which（指物），that（指人或物），as（指人或物）；关系副词有when（指时间），where（指地点），why（指原因）。要掌握好定语从句，首先要掌握好定语从句的词序和关系代词的选择。

（一）定语从句的词序 根据关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中所充当的不同成分，定语从句的词序有以下几种：

1、关系代词引导的定语从句有以下七种常见词序。

1.关系代词＋谓语 关系代词作定语从句的主语。关系代词主要有who，that，which，as。如：1）Aqiao told her father all that had happened.2）On the ground lay an old sick goat，which had gone into the cave to die.3）People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.4）He married her，as was natural.5）He does not have such a mind as is necessary to a scientist.

2.关系代词＋名词＋谓语

关系代词作定语从句的主语的定语。常用的关系代词是whose，有时也用which。如：1）Wei Fang is the student whose home caught fire last night.2）Engels，whose native language was German，could read and write in several foreign languages.

3）The house whose roof was broken has now been repaired.

这种词序的定语从句，如果whose 指具体事物或抽象概念时，可用of which 代替，但不如whose 普通，of which 可置于其所修饰的名词前或后。如：

That is a book，（whose cover/the cover of which is blue./of which the cover）

3.关系代词＋主语＋谓语 关系代词作定语从句的宾语或表语。若为限制性定语从句，作宾语或表语的关系代词在非正式文体中省略。常用的关系代词有 who（m），that，which，as。如：

1）Pay attention to everything（that）I do.

2）This is the book（which）he is looking for.

3）His mother，whom he loved dearly，died in 1818.

4）He isn't the man（that）he used to be.

5）This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.

4.关系代词＋名词＋主语＋谓语

关系代词作定语从句的宾语的定语。常用的关系代词是whose，有时也用which。如：1）That's the boy whose drawing we were looking at just now.

2）There are some students whose questions I can't answer.

3）The book whose cover my brother tore off is not mine.

4）I told him to see the doctor，which advice he took.

如果whose 指具体事物或抽象概念时，可用of which 代替，但不如whose 普通。of which 可置于其所修饰的名词前或后。如：In front of the village there is a river whose name／the name of which／of which the name I have forgotten.

5.介词＋关系代词＋主语＋谓语

关系代词作定语从句中的介词宾语，介词可以是简单介词，也可以是复杂介词。关系代词有which，whom。如：

1）He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.

2）These worms then weave silk cocoons around themselves，inside which they change from that worms to ants.3）Wu Dong，with whom I went to the concert，enjoyed it very much.

4）The person to whom I spoke just now is our schoolmaster.

5）He works in the middle school，in front of which there is a river.

这种词序的定语从句有时也采用倒装语序，即将主语置于从句的谓语动词之后，形成“介词＋关系词＋谓语＋主语”，其目的是为了句子平衡或强调。如：

1）They arrived at a farmhouse，in front of which sat a small boy.

2）For that day the master had prepared some cards on which were written，“Alsace，France.Alsace，France.”

6.介词＋关系代词＋名词＋主语＋谓语

关系代词作定语从句中介词宾语的定语。关系代词有which，whose。如：

1）His mother may come，in which case I'll ask her.

2）It rained all night and all day，during which time a wall of his house fell down.

3）Where is the boy in whose bag I put my book by mistake？

4）This is the student to whose father you took the message yesterday.

7.a）代词或数词＋of ＋关系代词＋谓语b）代词或数词＋of ＋关系代词＋主语＋谓语

代词或数词与关系代词之间表达部分与整体的关系，“代词或数词＋of＋关系代词”在a）词序中作定语从句的主语，在b）词序中作定语从句的宾语。关系代词有which，whom，一般为非限制性定语从句。如：

a）1）Here are some letters，one of which is Li Ming's.

2）She had three sons，two of whom died in the war.

b）1）I talked with the boys，some of whom you know very well.

2）He gave me five novels，three of whichI think you have never read.

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（二）关系副词引导的定语从句的词序为：关系副词＋主语＋谓语。

关系副词在定语从句中作状语。关系副词主要有when，why，where，通常可用“介词＋关系代词which”代替。如：

1）I still remember the day when（＝on which）I first came to Beijing.

2）Gelileo lived in the city of Pisa，where（＝in which）there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.

3）I don't know the reason why（＝for which）Tom was absent.

4）The shop where（＝at which）I bought the piano isn't far from here.

5）The time when（＝at which）they had to leave finally arrived

（三）关系代词的选择 关系代词的选择，主要是指who 和that，that 和which，as 和which 这三对关系代词的选择。

1、关系代词who 和that 的选择

1.关系代词who 的使用场合

（1）who 可以代表人、人格化了的动物、神话故事中的人物或有生命的事物。如：1）The dog who is barking is our pet.2）Those who want to go please sign their nam es here.

（2）在从句中，作主语倾向于用who。如：

1）The girl who dances beautifully gave us a perform ance that day.

2）Do you know the com rade who spoke just now？

（3）当先行词泛指代词he，they 或指示代词those 等时，常用who。如：

1）He who does no work gets no pay.

2）We are badly in need of those who can work in real earnest.

（4）先行词前出现不定冠词时，多用 who。如：

1）I have found a m an who can do this work.

2）He is a m an who should learn from others.

（5）在there be 句型中，既作主语又表示人时多用who，或省略。如：1）There is som eone outside the office who wants to see you.

2）There's a m an who lives in that vil-lage.

（6）不定代词one，ones，anyone 等作先行词时，多用who。如：

One who works without complain is welcome here.

（7）定语从句和先行词分隔，用that 可能引起歧义时，应用who。如：

I saw a man in the street who was surrounded by many people.

这个句子如用that，就可能被人认为是定语从句修饰street。

（8）在非限制性定语从句中，一般要用 who，不用that。如：

The soldiers，who may have felt sorry for the boy，had him stand with his back to his father.

（9）有两个定语从句出现在一个句子中，第一个关系代词用that 的话，第二个就用 who。如：

The man that I like is the one who is both competent and diligent.但在平行结构中，应根据平行结构的原则重复同一个关系代词。如：

I met a Greek who travelled a lot in the world，but who knew very little about his own country.

注意：关系代词前如有介词或在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词要用 whom。如：

1）In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for

2）The brave man，whom the tiger was shot by，is a good hunter.

2、关系代词that 的使用场合

1.在以疑问词who 开始的句子中，避免两个who 重复，用that。如：

Who is the man that is shouting there？

2.关系代词在从句中作表语时，多用 that。如：

She is not the girl that she was three years ago.

3.先行词被形容词最高级、only 等修饰时，应用that。如：

Tang Guoqiang has become one of the best actors that appear on Chinese screens.

4.先行词人和物两者都有时，要用that。如：

He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.

5.关系代词与the same（指同一人）连用时，只能用that。如：

This is the same person that I met yesterday.

6.一个句子中有两个定语从句时，如第一个从句中已用who，第二个从句中宜用that。如：

The man who is at table is his brother that has been serving in the army.

3、关系代词that 和which 的选择

关系代词that 和which 都可以指物，在很多场合两者都通用。但有时that 和which 的使用场合并不相同。

关系代词which 的使用场合

1.如果先行词是that，关系代词应用 which。如：

What was that which you said about him？

2.先行词和定语从句之间被其它较长的成分分隔，用which 较好。如：

I have some interests outside my professional work which gives me great pleasure.

3.一个句子中如有两个定语从句，第一个定语从句用了关系代词that，第二个从句宜用which。如：

This is the book that you bought which you have lost.

但在平行结构中，应重复同一个关系代词。如：

I have a house which is located on the hillside，which faces the south.

4.非限制性定语从句中关系代词一般要用which。如：

I will buy a book，which tells about the use of English idioms.

5.相当于并列句和状语从句的定语从句，用which 引导。如：

1）We went to the nearest port which we reached safely.

2）He persisted in having a bicycle which he actually had no use for.

6.关系代词前如有介词，关系代词要用 which。如：

They had a meeting at which he spoke on the current econom ic situation.

如把介词移至句末，可用that（或省略）。如：

This is the book（that）she was looking for.

2、关系代词that 的使用场合

1.一般说来，先行词是all，anything，everything，nothing，much，little，few 等，关系代词应用that。如：

1）That's all（that）I know.

2）Everything that can be done is done.

2.先行词之前有all，any，every，no，lit-tle，m uch，only，very等修饰时，关系代词应用that。如：

1）He'll read all the books that are sold here.

2）Ask any questions（that）you don't understand.

3.先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，关系代词应用that。如：

1）This is the most wonderful film that I have ever seen.

2）The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.

4.当先行词是to be 的表语，或关系代词本身是从句的表语时，关系代词应用that。如：

1）It's a song that is very popular.

2）My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.

5.当主句以There be 开头时，关系代词应用that。如：

There is a seat in the corner that is still free.

6.当一个句子中含有两个定语从句时，如前一个已用关系代词which，后一个关系代词宜用that。如：

I'll borrow a book which tells about the heroic deeds that the PLA did in the battles against the invaders.

但两个定语从句的结构如果平行，一个定语从句中用关系代词that，另一个定语从句也应重复that。如：

He told me to read a book that is very short，and that is vey interesting.

7.与the sam e（指同一物）连用，构成thesame...that...结构时，关系代词只能用that。如：

This is the same museum that you once visited.

3、关系代词as 和which 的选择

关系代词as 和which 的选择是指它们引导非限制性定语从句的区别。尽管都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个主句的意思，但两者在用法上是有区别的。as 引导的非限制性定语从句常用来表示说话人关于某事的依据、态度、解释或评论等，含有“正如……”的意思。as 从句放在主句的前面、中间或句末都可以。如：

She is working hard，as everyone can see.或：As everyone can see，she is working hard.

which 引导的非限制性定语从句，一般表示某事的状况或结果，只能放在主句的后面。如：

She married him，which was natural.但不能说：Which was natural，she married him.