孙文婷,郑丹妮,杨爱娟,胡丽芳,穆闻君,李孟霞,罗静,陶庆文,阎小萍,孔维萍
男性强直性脊柱炎患者中医证型与骨密度关系及低骨密度危险因素分析
孙文婷1,2,郑丹妮1,2,杨爱娟1,2,胡丽芳1,2,穆闻君1,2,李孟霞1,2,罗静2,3,陶庆文2,3,阎小萍2,3,孔维萍2,3
1.北京中医药大学研究生院,北京 100029;2.中日友好医院,北京 100029;3.免疫炎性疾病北京市重点实验室,北京 100029
分析男性强直性脊柱炎(AS)中医证型与骨密度的关系及低骨密度发生的危险因素。收集2013年9月-2018年9月中日友好医院中医风湿科男性AS患者192例,其中肾虚督寒证106例、肾虚湿热证86例,分析不同证型、不同骨密度患者的临床资料,采用Logistic回归模型分析患者低骨密度危险因素及不同中医证型患者低骨密度危险因素。肾虚湿热证患者全髋骨密度显著低于肾虚督寒证患者,肾虚湿热证患者病程、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、AS疾病活动评分(ASDAS-CRP)、Bath AS测量指数(BASMI)、改良Stoke AS脊柱评分(mSASSS)显著高于肾虚督寒证患者(<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,肾虚湿热证型、病程、ESR、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、Bath AS功能指数(BASFI)、BASMI与全髋低骨密度的发生显著相关,肾虚督寒证患者疾病活动指标ESR、ASDAS-CRP是全髋低骨密度的危险因素,肾虚湿热证患者病程、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI是全髋低骨密度的危险因素(<0.05)。肾虚湿热证患者全髋骨密度低于肾虚督寒证患者,肾虚湿热证型、病程、ESR、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI、BASMI是男性AS患者低骨密度发生危险因素。
强直性脊柱炎;肾虚督寒证;肾虚湿热证;低骨密度
强直性脊柱炎(ankylosing spondylitis,AS)是一种主要影响中轴骨骼的慢性炎症性疾病,该病以骨质破坏及韧带、附着点部位的新骨形成为特征,可导致骶髂、脊柱关节等关节间隙变窄、融合和关节强直[1]。因骨质破坏的发生可造成骨密度下降,AS患者低骨密度的发生率在50%以上[2]。然而AS患者低骨密度的危险因素尚不完全清楚[3-4]。AS在男性人群中的发病率较女性高2~3倍,男性较女性病情重、预后差,低骨密度发生率也显著高于女性患者[5]。低骨密度可导致脊柱压缩性骨折,发病隐匿,病死率较高,影响AS预后[6]。因此,检测男性AS患者骨密度并对低骨密度危险因素进行评估尤为重要。AS属中医学“痹证”范畴,阎小萍教授在继承全国首批名中医焦树德教授学术思想基础上,提出AS的中医病名为“大偻”,并将AS分为肾虚督寒证、肾虚湿热证,该辨证体系已被国家中医药管理局牵头制定的大偻(强直性脊柱炎)临床诊疗方案、临床路径采纳[7]。前期研究表明,肾虚湿热证患者较肾虚督寒证患者具有更高的疾病活动度,且不同证型患者的骨密度水平存在差异[8]。本研究在前期研究基础上进一步探讨男性AS患者骨密度与中医证型的关系,以及低骨密度的危险因素,以期更好地指导临床治疗。
选择2013年9月-2018年9月中日友好医院中医风湿病科门诊及住院男性AS患者192例,其中肾虚督寒证106人,肾虚湿热证86人,平均年龄(35±11)岁,平均病程(7±6)年。将患者按照全髋骨密度水平分为正常骨密度组(T值≥-1)和低骨密度组(包括骨量减少及骨质疏松,T值<-1),2组年龄及人类白细胞抗原(HLA)-B27阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(>0.05),具有可比性。本研究经中日友好医院伦理委员会审查批准(2017-68)。
参照美国风湿病学会1984年修订的AS纽约分类标准[9]制定西医诊断标准。
参照世界卫生组织推荐的基于双能X线吸收法制定低骨密度诊断标准[10]。骨密度值低于同性别、同种族正常成人的骨峰值不足1个标准差为正常,降低1~2.5个标准差为骨量减少,减低≥2.5个标准差为骨质疏松;T值=(测定值-骨峰值)÷正常成人骨密度标准差。
参照《中药新药临床研究指导原则(试行)》[11],结合阎小萍教授经验[7]制定中医辨证标准。肾虚督寒证:腰、臀、胯疼痛,僵硬不舒,伴膝腿痛,肩、肘、踝等不舒,畏寒喜暖,遇寒加重,得热则缓,俯仰受限,活动不利,甚或脊柱僵直、侧弯、变形,行走坐卧受限,可兼阴囊湿冷,舌苔薄白或白厚,脉沉弦或沉弦细。肾虚湿热证:腰骶及脊背疼痛,活动受限,晨僵,发热,四肢关节红肿热痛或伴屈伸不利,目赤肿痛,口渴口苦黏腻或口干不欲饮,脘闷纳呆,肢体困重,身热不扬,绵绵不解,大便干或溏软,或黏滞不爽,溲黄,舌红,苔黄或黄厚腻,脉沉滑、弦滑或弦细数。
①符合上述AS西医诊断标准及中医辨证标准;②男性,年龄<60岁;③患者对本研究知情,并签署知情同意书。
①合并银屑病、炎症性肠病、甲状旁腺功能亢进及内分泌疾病者;②合并有其他风湿病者;③服用糖皮质激素等影响骨代谢药物者;④合并重度营养不良,或有心、脑、肾造血系统严重损害者;⑤有嗜酒病史;⑥妊娠期妇女;⑦改良Stoke AS脊柱评分(mSASSS)>60分,骨化严重者;⑧骨密度、一般资料及实验室检查不全者。
1.6.1 一般资料
记录患者年龄、症状首发年龄、病程、身高、体质量、体质量指数(BMI)、规律运动情况,应用肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α拮抗剂、传统改善病情药物(cDMARDs)、非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)使用情况及AS家族史。
1.6.2 疾病活动性及功能评估
记录患者Bath AS功能指数(BASFI)[12]、Bath AS活动指数(BASDAI)[13]、Bath AS测量指数(BASMI)[14]和AS疾病活动评分(ASDAS-CRP)[15]。
1.6.3 实验室检查
检测患者HLA-B27、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、血尿酸及血钙水平。
1.6.4 放射学检查
由2位具有5年以上影像学诊断工作经验者评估患者颈椎、腰椎侧位X线,进行mSASSS评分[16],包括椎体前角C2~T1、T12~S1。锥体角0分为正常,1分为侵蚀、硬化或变形,2分为骨赘,3分为骨桥。
1.6.5 骨密度检查
采用双能X线法检测AS患者腰椎、股骨颈、股骨粗隆、全髋骨密度,使用美国LUNAR公司IDXA型骨密度仪,腰椎精确度误差<1/1000,股骨颈精确度误差<3/1000,其中腰椎骨密度取L1~L4平均值。
肾虚督寒证与肾虚湿热证男性AS患者病程、ESR、CRP、ASDAS-CRP、BASMI、mSASSS及全髋骨密度比较差异有统计学意义(<0.05)。肾虚湿热证患者病程、ESR、CRP、ASDAS-CRP、BASMI、mSASSS显著高于肾虚督寒证患者,全髋骨密度显著低于肾虚督寒证患者(<0.05)。肾虚督寒证与肾虚湿热证男性AS患者年龄、BMI、规律运动情况、HLA-B27+、用药史比较差异无统计学意义(>0.05)。详见表1。
表1 男性AS不同证型患者一般资料比较
项目肾虚督寒证 (106例)肾虚湿热证 (86例)Z值χ2值P值 特征 年龄(±s,岁)32.19±10.11 35.01±10.96-1.828 0.068 BMI(±s,kg/m2)23.81±3.2821.92±3.720.121 0.903 病程(±s,年) 5.65±4.30 9.60±7.24-4.304 <0.001 规律运动[例(%)] 17(16.04) 10(11.63) 0.7640.382 HLA-B27+[例(%)] 95(89.62) 81(94.19) 1.2940.256 BASDAI(±s,分) 3.11±1.173.14±1.300.093 0.926 BASFI(±s,分) 1.45±1.731.60±1.60-1.209 0.223 BASMI(±s,分) 1.31±1.592.98±2.07-5.582 <0.001 mSASSS(±s,分) 6.75±13.1814.31±18.51-2.731 <0.001 ASDAS-CRP(±s,分) 1.60±0.601.86±0.68-2.595 0.010 用药史[例(%)] TNF-α抑制剂 21(19.81) 13(15.12) 0.7180.397 cDMARDs 62(58.49) 46(53.49) 0.4830.487 NSAIDs 58(54.72) 44(51.16) 0.2410.624 实验室指标(±s) ESR/(mm/h)12.70±12.55 23.12±14.29-5.819 <0.001 CRP/(mg/L) 1.50±1.37 2.46±2.45-3.160 0.002 血尿酸/(mg/dL)340.15±83.73333.74±87.950.432 0.665 血钙/(mmol/L) 2.41±0.79 2.39±0.851.201 0.230 骨密度(±s,g/cm2) 全髋 0.99±0.13 0.89±0.174.542 <0.001 腰椎 1.09±0.17 1.09±0.250.780 0.436 股骨颈 0.96±0.13 0.93±0.171.921 0.055 股骨粗隆 0.81±0.12 0.79±0.141.350 0.177
肾虚督寒证AS患者低骨密度组ASDAS-CRP、ESR显著高于正常骨密度组(<0.05)。肾虚湿热证AS患者低骨密度组病程、BASFI、mSASSS、ASDAS-CRP显著高于正常骨密度组(<0.05)。见表2、表3。
单因素Logistic回归分析显示,病程、ESR、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI、BASMI、肾虚湿热证型作为危险因素,与全髋低骨密度发生显著相关(<0.05)。调整年龄、BMI后上述各因素与全髋低骨密度仍显著相关(<0.05)。见表4。
表2 肾虚督寒证男性AS患者病程、Bath指数、椎体损伤程度及实验室指标不同骨密度组比较(±s)
表3 肾虚湿热证男性AS患者病程、Bath指数、椎体损伤程度及实验室指标不同骨密度组比较(±s)
表4 男性AS患者全髋低骨密度相关因素Logistic回归分析
项目单因素 调整年龄、BMI OR95%CIP值 OR95%CIP值 病程1.1671.092,1.247<0.001 1.1781.099,1.262<0.001 ESR1.0531.028,1.078<0.001 1.0511.025,1.077<0.001 CRP1.1590.994,1.3490.059 1.1720.999,1.3740.051 ASDAS-CRP2.8891.656,5.035<0.001 3.5311.932,6.454<0.001 mSASSS1.0331.013,1.0530.001 1.0411.020,1.063<0.001 BASDAI1.1600.890,1.5120.271 1.1690.890,1.5360.262 BASFI1.4331.180,1.740<0.001 1.3971.145,1.7060.001 BASMI1.1961.018,1.4050.029 1.2031.016,1.4240.032 肾虚湿热证型3.5951.786,7.237<0.001 3.9701.916,8.227<0.001
肾虚督寒证男性AS患者全髋低骨密度的单因素Logistic回归分析显示,ESR、ASDAS-CRP与全髋低骨密度的发生显著相关(<0.05)。调整年龄、BMI后上述各因素与全髋的低骨密度仍显著相关(<0.05)。
肾虚湿热证男性AS患者全髋骨密度的单因素Logistic回归分析显示,病程、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI作为危险因素与全髋低骨密度发生显著相关(<0.05)。调整年龄、BMI后,各因素与全髋低骨密度发生仍显著相关(<0.05)。见表5。
表5 不同证型男性AS患者全髋低骨密度相关因素的Logistic回归分析
项目单因素 调整年龄、BMI 肾虚督寒证 肾虚湿热证 肾虚督寒证 肾虚湿热证 OR95%CIP值 OR95%CIP值 OR95%CIP值 OR95%CIP值 病程1.0740.953,1.2100.241 1.1891.080,1.309<0.001 1.1200.981, 1.2790.095 1.1921.079,1.3170.001 ESR1.0681.025,1.1140.002 1.0260.993,1.0580.115 1.0731.026, 1.1240.002 1.0210.988,1.0540.211 CRP1.2810.917,1.7890.146 1.0440.875,1.2450.631 1.2730.897,1.8070.175 1.0650.885,1.2820.504 ASDAS-CRP3.6831.347,10.0670.011 2.0901.051,4.1570.036 4.2191.478,12.0450.007 2.4541.123,5.3540.024 mSASSS1.0210.986,1.0560.243 1.0311.006,1.0570.016 1.0280.990,1.0670.147 1.0441.014,1.0740.004 BASDAI1.1740.743,1.8530.492 1.1560.825,1.6190.400 1.2530.776,2.0240.356 1.1120.770,1.6060.570 BASFI1.2300.933,1.6220.141 1.8671.312,2.6580.001 1.2500.935,1.6720.133 1.7791.245,2.5420.002 BASMI1.0100.718,1.4220.954 1.0950.885,1.3550.404 1.0010.706,1.4200.994 1.1040.883,1.3800.383
AS患者低骨密度发生率较高,对疾病预后造成不良影响。本研究中男性患者低骨密度发生率为56%,其中骨量减少发生率为46%,骨质疏松发生率为10%,与文献报道[2]基本相符。AS的病因病机主要为肾督正气亏虚,风寒湿热诸邪深侵肾督而致[17]。肾精不足则髓无以化生,髓不足则骨失其养;肾阳不足,肾失温煦,骨之生长失其动力;肾阴不足,骨失濡养,而质松质脆,以骨量减少、骨质疏松为特点的低骨密度是肾虚骨失所养的外在表现。
本研究显示,肾虚湿热证患者全髋骨密度低于肾虚督寒证患者(<0.05)。肾虚湿热证患者由于感受风湿热邪或风寒湿邪日久,郁而化热,湿热壅滞经络,流注关节,临床表现除腰脊背疼痛之外,还可有关节红热、肿胀、活动受限等表现。既往研究表明,肾虚湿热证疾病活动性指标ESR、CRP等较肾虚督寒证高,病程也较长[8]。本研究显示,肾虚湿热证患者疾病活动度指标ESR、CRP、ASDAS-CRP显著高于肾虚督寒证患者,mSASSS、BASMI、病程均大于肾虚督寒证组(<0.05),表明肾虚湿热证患者疾病活动性高、脊柱结构损伤较重、病程长。研究表明,AS患者骨密度与病程、疾病活动度、脊柱功能、椎体结构结构损伤呈负相关[18-20]。中医认为湿热之邪交结,阻滞气血,导致阳之布化受抑,阴之营荣乏源,加之大偻以肾督亏虚为本,肾虚湿热证患者肾阴相对不足,热灼津液,则筋脉挛废、精血亏虚,可致骨失濡养,骨质愈发松脆。髋部又称“髀枢”,为足太阳膀胱经、足少阳胆经循行所过,足厥阴肝经亦分布其周,为全身气机活动之枢[21],肾虚湿热证患者肾水不足,不能生肝木,导致肝筋失养,经气流转不通,亦加重全髋部位骨量流失,导致肾虚湿热证患者全髋骨密度更低。
通过构建Logistic回归模型发现,病程、ESR、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI、BASMI是男性AS患者低骨密度危险因素,表明病程长、疾病活动性高、脊柱功能减退及椎体结构损伤重更容易导致男性AS患者低骨密度的发生,与既往研究结果相符[22]。此外,肾虚湿热证型是男性AS患者低骨密度发生的危险因素,表明肾虚湿热证型可增加AS男性低骨密度风险。进一步分析显示,ESR、ASDAS-CRP为肾虚督寒证患者低骨密度危险因素,病程、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI为肾虚湿热证患者低骨密度危险因素,表明肾虚督寒证患者低骨密度与疾病活动度关系密切,而肾虚湿热证患者低骨密度不仅与疾病活动度关系密切,还与椎体结构损伤、脊柱活动功能关系密切。由此可见,对于高疾病活动度AS患者,应关注骨量并及时检测骨密度。对于椎体结构损伤程度高、脊柱活动功能差的肾虚湿热证患者尤应重视骨密度检测,提早预防和治疗低骨密度。
AS患者存在许多导致低骨密度的危险因素,高疾病活动度患者存在较高水平的致炎因子会加重骨质的破坏,引起低骨密度[23];疼痛僵硬等症状、椎体结构损伤加剧、脊柱骨化强直等均可导致患者关节活动功能降低、活动受限,加重低骨密度发生[24-25]。研究显示,AS患者脊柱骨赘形成和全髋低骨密度具有相关性[19],mSASSS较高的患者椎体结构损伤较重,加重活动受限,促进AS患者低骨密度进展[26]。疼痛及脊柱活动受限会导致BASMI、BASFI升高,使低骨密度的发生风险更高[20,27]。此外,病程也会对AS患者骨密度产生影响,有研究报道,病程5年内的AS患者,全髋骨质疏松症患病率为11%,病程超过10年患者为30%[18]。本研究显示,病程、疾病活动度(ESR、ASDAS-CRP)、脊柱功能(BASFI、BASMI)、椎体结构损伤(mSASSS)均为男性AS患者低骨密度危险因素,表明在疾病发生早期,控制疾病活动度、提高脊柱功能、改善椎体结构损伤是预防男性AS患者低骨密度重要手段。
综上所述,本研究揭示了不同中医证型与男性AS患者骨密度的关系,对低骨密度发生的危险因素进行探究,为不同证型AS患者低骨密度防治及预后判断提供依据。肾虚湿热证患者全髋骨密度低于肾虚督寒证患者,肾虚湿热证型、病程、ESR、ASDAS-CRP、mSASSS、BASFI、BASMI是男性AS患者低骨密度发生危险因素,提示男性AS患者应注重在早期控制疾病活动度,减少低骨密度的发生。肾虚湿热证者尤应注重控制疾病活动度,提高脊柱功能,延缓椎体结构损伤,延缓低骨密度的发生。本研究尚存在一定局限性,单中心入组患者可能存在一定偏倚。由于AS患者慢性炎症部位出现新骨形成可造成脊柱韧带骨化[28],腰椎前后位骨密度的测量可能出现假性增高,对危险因素分析造成一定影响。因此,今后研究中应尽可能采用定量CT方法进行腰椎骨密度检测[29],并进一步扩大样本量以提高准确性。
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Relationship Between TCM Syndromes and Bone Mineral Density in Male Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis and Analysis on Risk Factors of Low Bone Mineral Density
SUN Wenting1,2, ZHENG Danni1,2, YANG Aijuan1,2, HU Lifang1,2, MU Wenjun1,2, LI Mengxia1,2,LUO Jing2,3, TAO Qingwen2,3, YAN Xiaoping2,3, KONG Weiping2,3
To analyze the relationship between TCM syndromes and bone mineral density in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and the risk factors of low bone mineral density.Totally 192 male AS patients in Department of TCM Rheumatology in China-Japan Friendship Hospital from September 2013 to September 2018 were collected, among which there were 106 cases with kidney deficiency and cold syndrome and 86 cases with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome. Clinical data of patients with different syndrome types and bone mineral density were analyzed. The risk factors of low bone mineral density and the factors in different TCM syndrome types in male AS patients were analyzed by Logistic regression model.The total hip bone mineral density of the patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome was significantly lower than that of the patients with kidney deficiency and cold syndrome. The duration of disease, ESR, CRP, ASDAS-CRP, Bath ankylosing spondylitis metrology index (BASMI) and modified Stoke ankylosing spondylitis spine score (mSASSS) of the patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome were significantly higher than those of the patients with kidney deficiency and cold syndrome (<0.05). According to the Logistic regression analysis of the related factors of low bone mineral density in male AS patients, it was found as for that kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome, duration of disease, ESR, ASDAS-CRP, mSASSS, Bath ankylosing spondylitis function index (BASFI) and BASMI were significantly related to the occurrence of low bone mineral density in the total hip; ESR and ASDAS-CRP were risk factors of low bone mineral density in the total hip in the patients with kidney deficiency and cold syndrome; the duration of disease, ASDAS-CRP, mSASSS and BASFI were risk factors of low bone mineral density in the total hip in the patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome (<0.05).Patients with kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome have lower total hip bone mineral density than those with kidney deficiency and cold syndrome. Kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome, duration of disease, ASDAS-CRP, mSASSS, BASFI and BASMI are the risk factors of low bone mass in male AS patients.
ankylosing spondylitis; kidney deficiency and dampness heat syndrome; kidney deficiency and cold syndrome; low bone mineral density
R259.932.3
A
1005-5304(2020)09-0035-06
10.3969/j.issn.1005-5304.202005066
国家自然科学基金青年基金(81403378);北京市自然科学基金(7182148);中日友好医院青年科技英才培养计划(2014-QNYC-B-02)
孔维萍,E-mail:kongweiping75@126.com
(2020-02-20)
(2020-05-13;编辑:季巍巍)