拉波夫叙事结构模式下的读后续写情节构思

涂美媚

一篇好的读后续写应该是“跟优质的语言协同，跟精彩的思想协同，跟严谨的逻辑协同”（王初明，2017）。但读后续写的实践过程中，一个比较突出的问题是续写时缺乏内容构思，情节缺乏逻辑性，与前文不连接。鉴于此，我们借助拉波夫叙事结构来梳理原文信息，从而可以清晰地把握原文主旨和脉络。

一、拉波夫叙事结构模式

拉波夫（W. Labov，1972）在他的《Language in the Inner City》一书中总结出有关个人经历叙事的六项要素：点题（abstract）、指向（orientation）、进展（complicating action）、评议（evaluation）、结局（resolution）、回应（coda）。

（1）点题，即叙述者在叙述前对故事的简要概括。

（2）指向，交代了故事发生的时间、地点、人物和情景等。

（3）进展，即叙述过程。

（4）评议，是叙述者对叙述中出现的情况的看法和评论。

（5）结局，即故事的结局。

（6）回应，则接应主题，总结故事的寓意。

指向、进展和结局是一篇记叙文所必须的要素，而点题、评议和回应则是选择性的。

二、基于拉波夫叙事结构模式的记叙文要素图

根据拉波夫叙事结构，我们可以将记叙文的叙事模式的六个要素设置为如下表格。

该表格清晰地显示了记叙文的各个要素。续写的两段内容一般是“进展 + 结局”或者“结局 + 回应”部分。

在续写时，我们可以根据这些要素续写出与原文情节融合度较高的内容。文章一开头如有点题的部分，我们在情节构思上可根据该部分内容来构思。如开头部分没有点题，直接是指向部分，我们可以根据指向部分的内容，在情节的构思上与指向的内容进行呼应。

下面以一篇读后续写题型为例具体阐释如何运用拉波夫叙事结构来构思情节。

三、情节构思示例

A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealers showroom， and knowing his father could well afford it， he told him that was all he wanted.

As Graduation Day approached， the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally， on the morning of his graduation， his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son， and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious， but somewhat disappointed， the young man opened the box and found a lovely， leather-bound Bible， with the young mans name embossed（飾有浮凸的）in gold.

Angrily， he raised his voice to his father and said，“With all your money you give me a Bible？”He then stormed out of the house， leaving the Bible.

Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family， but realizing his father was very old， he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements， he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away， and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.

When he arrived at his fathers house， sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his fathers important papers and saw the still new Bible， just as he had left it years ago.

注意：

1. 所续写短文的词数应为150左右;

2. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好;

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With tears， he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. ___________________________

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How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected？ _______

第一步，根据拉波夫叙事结构图，梳理原文情节。

根据拉波夫叙事结构，可以看出，该文没有点题部分，但有回应部分。因此，续写的两段，第一段属于结局，第二段则属于回应部分，即总结故事的寓意。

第二步，构思续写情节。

原文的指向部分是：年轻人想要一辆跑车作为毕业礼物。

回应部分的内容是：有多少次因为幸福不是按我们想要的包装的样子，我们与幸福擦肩而过。

据此，我们可以读出以下几点：

（1）年轻人期待的blessing是a sports car ;

（2）父亲给他的礼物也是blessing， 只是没有按照他希望的包装的样子，而是一本Bible， 因而儿子错过了blessing。

基于指向部分（儿子认为的blessing 是一辆跑车）和回应部分（父亲给的blessing： a Bible），在回答上表①②两个问题时，我们可以构思误会情节，即父亲送的Bible里面有车钥匙，儿子一直没打开过，或者父亲送的Bible里面解释了送Bible的原因。因而有两种情节构思：

A. 年轻人打开圣经后看到了他当年想要的车的钥匙——痛苦回忆与父亲的点滴——后悔;

B. 年轻人打开圣经后看到了父亲写给他的信——了解父亲没有送sports car的原因——后悔

第三步，续写文章。

参考范文

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（参考范文A）With tears， he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. All of a sudden， he heard something drop on the ground. It was a key. Looking closer， he realized it was a key to a car that he had eagerly desired on his Graduation Day.（看到曾經梦想的车钥匙）His heart ached.（感受）Memories of his father flooded into his mind. He remembered being taught how to drive by his father. He remembered drinking beer with him the day he turned 18.（回忆）How he wished that he could tell his father how much he loved him. But he would never be able to do that now. His heart hurt at the thought.（后悔）

（参考范文B）With tears， he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. Suddenly an envelope caught his attention. He opened it with trembling hands. It was a neatly folded letter， which read，“My dear son， as I am writing this letter， I am filled with pride. Ive been thinking a lot about what life lesson I can share with you. After thoughtful consideration， I will give you three words： love， forgiveness and safety. I hope these words could help you harvest happiness. Inside the envelope， there is a 30，000-dollar check. I hope this will be a seed you plant for your happiness.”（书信内容）It was at that moment that he realized he had missed the greatest blessing in his life.（后悔错失爱）

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How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected？ If the young man had learned that lesson earlier， he would not have missed the greatest blessing in his life.（就原文故事点评）But like the young man， we too often take love for granted， and we believe love is getting what we want， only to realize that love comes in many forms when it is too late.（拓展）So learn to count our blessings and appreciate the smallest blessings in our life， no matter how they are packaged.（总结寓意）

范文点评

情节构思：根据原文的点题部分“want a sports car”和回应部分，即续写第二段给出的开头部分的“missed blessings”，续写部分设置了误会情节。第一段参考范文A设置的情节是《圣经》里有钥匙，参考范文B设置的情节是《圣经》里有爸爸在儿子毕业那天给他的祝福，爸爸送了儿子三个字“爱、原谅和安全”，并附上了一张30，000美金的支票希望这成为播撒儿子未来幸福的一粒种子。两个范文在情节构思上都围绕了“missed blessing”这个主题，并呼应了点题部分“want a sports car”的情节。

第二段参考范文是文章的回应部分。这部分续写主要内容是这个故事给我们的启示。构思从年轻人的故事点评，进而扩展到对所有人的启示，最后总结寓意，给出建议：要保持感恩的心，珍惜生命里的每一个幸福。

语言：本范文使用了以下语法和句型：

分词：He opened it with trembling hands.

虚拟语气：If the young man had learned that lesson earlier， he would not have missed the greatest blessing in his life.

强调句：It was at that moment that he realized he had missed the biggest blessing in his life.

总之，拉波夫叙事结构有助于我们了解记叙文的结构，根据点题、指向和回应部分的内容更加合理地进行续写，从而实现与原文在思想和逻辑上的协同。

责任编辑 蒋小青