张绮悦 杨长青
[摘要]细胞色素P450(CYP)2C8是人体CYP酶系的重要组成部分,并参与许多临床常用药物的代谢。目前,已报道的CYP2C8酶抑制剂数量不断增加,针对中药及其有效成分,中药制剂和食物对CYP2C8的抑制作用研究也在逐步深入。通过查阅国内外近几年相关文献,进行分析和归纳总结,对食物、中药及其有效成分对CYP2C8的抑制作用的体内外研究进展进行综述报道,重视中药及其有效成分和食物与对CYP2C8底物药物的代谢抑制所引起的药物相互作用,以促进药物的合理使用,预防与中药-西药相互作用和食物-药物相互作用相关药物不良反应的发生。
[关键词]细胞色素P4502C8;中药;药物相互作用;食物-药物相互作用;中药有效成分
[中图分类号] R969 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2020)8(c)-0033-04
[Abstract] Cytochrome P4502C8 (CYP2C8) is an important part of the human CYP enzyme system (CYP450s) and is involved in the metabolism of many commonly used clinical drugs. The number of reported CYP2C8 enzyme inhibitors is increasing, and the research on the inhibitory effect of Chinese medicine preparations and food on CYP2C8 is also gradually deepened for Chinese medicine and its active ingredients. By analyzing and summarizing through referring to relevant literature in recent years at home and abroad, the research progress on the inhibition of CYP2C8 by food, Chinese herbal medicines, and their active ingredients both at home and abroad was reviewed. Attention should be paid to the study of drug-drug interaction caused by inhibition effects of Chinese herbal medicines, their active ingredients, and food in combination with other CYP2C8 substrates to promote the rational use of drugs and prevent the occurrence of adverse drug reactions related to Chinese medicine-Western medicine interaction and food-drug interaction.
[Key words] Cytochrome P4502C8; Chinese herbal medicines; Drug-drug interaction; Herb-drug interaction; Active ingredients of Chinese medicine
细胞色素P450(CYP)2C8占人体CYP酶系(CYP 450s)总量的6%~7%,代谢至少1%经Ⅰ相代谢的药物[1]。约100种,其中按比例依次用于癌症、糖尿病、呼吸系统、高脂血症、高血压及疟疾等疾病的治疗[2]。目前,对于中药及其有效成分对CYP2C8的药物相互作用(drug-drug interaction,DDI)研究目前报道尚不完善,中药由于其成分复杂,在全世界均广泛应用,常与西药合用的情况下,使得中药对经过CYP2C8代谢的药物之间相互作用的研究对临床中西药合理搭配使用具有重要的指导作用。由于药物治疗疾病特殊性,为了保证其安全有效,药物须按剂量正确服用。然而,食物的日摄入量因人而异,成分复杂,加之食物-药物的相互作用很少引起临床医护人员重视,导致食物与药物的相互作用发生隐匿且难以推算。因酶抑制作用是导致DDI和不良反应发生的主要原因,本文总结了近几年来国内外有关食物、中药材及其有效成分对CYP2C8的抑制作用的研究文献,以期为今后的科研、临床用药提供参考和借鉴。
1中药材及其提取物对CYP2C8的抑制作用
中药常以中药饮片或提取物的形式入药,中药中的复杂成分对CYP2C8的综合影响与单一活性成分对其的影响很可能有所不同。虽然其机制难以解释,但是明确中药材及其提取物与CYP2C8的关系,对临床用药更具实用性。有研究发现,给大鼠单剂量或连续灌胃五味子或醋五味子提取物后,二者均可使紫杉醇的药动学参数发生显著变化,且醋五味子对CYP2C8的抑制作用强于五味子[3]。这提示了不同的炮制方法会影响中药材对CYP2C8酶的代谢活性。
2中药的有效成分单体对CYP2C8的抑制作用
对于有效成分明确的中药,针对其主要活性成分的研究可以对其引起的临床DDI的机制进行合理的分析和推测。苦参提取物中黄酮类有效成分苦参酚Ⅰ、里查酮A和苦参黄酮G,三者在预温敷和非预温敷条件下均对CYP2C8表现为强烈抑制作用,研究者认为需要进行临床实验以便更好地预测苦参相关药物对CYP2C8的影响[4]。Mukkavilli等[5]推测,生姜的有效成分若单独与处方药合用可能引起DDI,若以提取物的形式給药,其抑制作用似乎与活性成分以外的其他成分有关。
Ab Rahman等[6]发现在体外人肝微粒体(human liver microsomes,HLM)中,姜黄素在10 μmol/L时可抑制91%的CYP2C8酶代谢活性。Bojic等[7]报道了白杨素(又名柯因)、柯因二甲醚和高良姜素对紫杉醇6-α-羟基化的抑制作用,三者均是CYP2C8的混合型抑制剂。紫檀芪广泛存在于紫檀等中药材中,其在体外抑制CYP2C8的作用较强,日剂量指数(volumn per dose index,VDI)>50 L,表明其250 mg日剂量稀释至50 L仍可达到足以抑制CYP2C8活性50%的浓度[8]。
此外,Park等[9]发现卷柏中四种双黄酮均可在体外强烈抑制CYP2C8,Selamariscina A在CYP2C8酶体外研究中可被用作强阳性抑制剂。丹参的有效成分的体外半数抑制浓度(IC50)/可逆抑制常数值(Ki)远大于口服给药后血药浓度,因此丹参制剂口服给药似乎不会引起DDI,但应警惕丹参为主要成分的注射剂与CYP2C8底物合用的安全性[10]。
3中药制剂对CYP2C8的抑制作用
关于中药制剂对CYP2C8酶的研究较少,主要涉及临床常用品种。复方苦参注射液在体外HLM中对CYP2C8存在较弱的抑制作用[11]。参照苦参提取物及其有效成分在体外实验中对CYP2C8表现为强抑制作用,其结果与苦参注射液的体外抑制作用结果有很大差别。尽管体外实验中,丹红注射液和红花注射液对CYP2C8酶抑制作用较强[12],但目前尚无体内实验报道,因此,通过CYP2C8代谢的化学药物联合使用这几种中药注射剂是否会引起DDI的体内实验尚需补充。李智等[13]研究了注射用益气复脉(冻干)对HLM各亚型酶活性的影响,其中对CYP2C8的抑制作用IC50>6500 μg/ml,提示其引起DDI的可能性较低。近年来报道的中药提取物、中药有效成分单体及中药制剂对CYP2C8的抑制作用研究结果见表1。
4食物对CYP2C8的抑制作用
Albassam等[25]发现蔓越莓提取物及锯叶棕提取物的VDI值均>5,提示了引起DDI的可能性。此外,芒果干粉在體外对HLM CYP2C8也表现出中等程度的抑制作用,其IC50为37.93 μg/ml[26]。因此,临床治疗方案包含CYP2C8底物药物时,也应提倡相对固定食物摄入或者避免某些具有酶抑制作用食物的摄入。
5总结和展望
CYP2C8是肝脏中CYP450酶系中重要的代谢酶之一,近几年针对CYP2C8酶抑制研究如火如荼,对中药及其有效成分、中药制剂和食物对CYP2C8酶代谢相互作用体外研究也陆续增多。但是目前该方面的研究存在一定的局限性,主要表现在:①中药相关的对CYP2C8酶抑制体内研究报道甚少。与化学药物相比,中药的成分复杂,因而其对CYP酶的影响也十分复杂,虽然体外实验更加直观和简便,但是缺乏体内环境的综合影响,导致体内外实验结果常常不一致。②中药的炮制方法、给药剂量、给药方案和给药途径等因素也会影响DDI的临床意义,故应结合体内外实验结果,从多方面、多角度来分析推测DDI发生的可能性。
综上所述,研究中药及其有效成分、中药制剂和食物对CYP2C8的抑制作用,可以补充目前对CYP450酶系DDI研究的空白,为中西药物的合理配伍提供指导,同时为中药及CYP2C8酶的相关研究提供思路和依据。
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(收稿日期:2020-03-02)