it强调句型重难点、 易错点的归纳和点拨

胡成诚

在英语中，我们常用“It is/was + 被强调部分+that/who/whom+ 句子其他部分”这一句型结构来突出强调句子的某一成分，但是在教学中发现学生对强调句型是“学起来容易但真正掌握却很难”，出现很多各种各样的使用错误。下面就对强调句型的重难点和易错点作一个归纳和点拨：

1. 误选强调句型结构词

由于受从句等影响，学生在使用it强调句型时往往在选择结构词时出现错误。那么如何才能正确选择结构词呢？记住这规则：不管被强调部分是什么，都可以用that来构成强调句型，但当被强调部分指人时，可以用who（m）来代替that，whom作宾语。

（1）被强调部分为时间状语、地点状语或者原因状语等情况时不能误用when、where或why等，只能用that。

It was in the street that I met him yesterday.

（2）被强调部分既包括人又包括物，用that不用who（m）。

It was the good teachers and the latest equipment that we talked about yesterday.

正确选择结构词的关键还在于要能够正确判断“it强调句型”，可采用“还原法”判断：若去掉“It is/was——that”剩下的可以重组成一个句子时是强调句型。试比较：

It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.（it强调句型）

It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.（when时间状语从句）

2. 万能化强调句型

强调句型的功能很强大但它不是万能的，不可以强调句子的任何成分。强調句型通常用来强调句子的主语、宾语和状语。下面列举不适宜用it强调句型的常见情形：

（1）it强调句型不能强调句子的谓语部分

英语中可用“助动词do、does、did+原形动词”来强调谓语。

He did go to the airport yesterday， but he didnt find you.

（2）某些状语从句不适宜使用it强调句型强调

① 不能强调条件、让步状语从句。

It is if it rains that we wont go out. （ⅹ）

It is though we are short of money that well try to do it well. （ⅹ）

② 可强调because引导的原因状语从句，但通常不能强调由since或as引导的原因状语从句。

It was because he loved my money that he married me. （√）

It is since he can walk around without my help that he is better today. （ⅹ）

③ 可强调so that引起的目的状语从句，但不能强调so that 引起的结果状语从句。例如：He didnt plan his time well， so that he didnt do well in his subjects.这一句子中so that引导的从句表示结果，不可以用强调句型强调。

3. 不清楚强调until时间状语（从句）的特别点

强调“not...until...”结构中的时间状语时强调句型结构为“It is not until...that...（直到……才……）”，即在强调until时间状语（从句）时要注意否定前移：若主句为否定句要把谓语动词的否定词not提到until之前，主句由否定句改为肯定句。例如：He didnt go to bed until his father came back. 变为强调句型为：It was not until his father came back that he went to bed.

4. 错用被强调的人称代词的格

被强调的部分为主语或宾语且其为人称代词时，应注意其格的形式仍用主格或宾格形式。

【错误】It was her that told me the news.

→改正：It was she that told me the news. （“她”作主语）

【错误】It is I who the teacher has criticized.

→改正：It is me whom the teacher has criticized. （“我”作宾语）

5. 混淆强调句型中的主谓一致

（1）it后的be动词有两种时态变化，没有数的变化，不管被强调的部分是单数还是复数只能用单数形式is 或was：强调句型原句的谓语是现在时或将来时的各种形式，就用it is—，是过去时的各种形式，则用it was—。

I studied at this school three years ago.

→It was at this school that I studied three years ago.

Tomorrow were going to have a party.

→It is tomorrow that were going to have a party.

（2）强调主语时，who 或that后面的谓语形式须与被强调的主语保持一致。

【错误】It is you who is wrong.

→【正确】It is you who are wrong. （are与you保持一致）

【错误】It is my friends that helps me with English.

→【正确】It is my friends that help me with English.（help与my friends保持一致）

6. 总结

以上是对it强调句型的重难点和易错点的总结和分析点拨。虽然这些“很好懂”，但还是非常需要多多练习、不断使用，才能全面正确掌握。

参考文献

[1]张道真. 实用英语语法[M]. 外语教学与研究出版社， 2002.

[2]薄冰. 高级英语语法[M]. 商务印书馆， 2018.

（作者单位：山东省无棣第一中学）