张起毓 严啸 李汇华
摘要:综述了大蒜来源有机硫化物与动脉粥样硬化、高血压、心肌肥厚与心力衰竭、心肌梗死等心血管疾病的关系的研究进展,为大蒜及其相关硫化物对心血管系统的分子机制研究提供科学依据。
关键词:大蒜;有机硫化物;心血管疾病
近年来,天然存在的气体信号分子包括NO、CO以及H2S受到越来越多研究者的重视。这些分子由细胞内特定酶系统合成,生成或缺乏时会产生明显的生理结局,比如心血管系统[14]。NO、CO和H2S保护心血管的多种分子机制被认为与大蒜相关硫化物共享,这可能是与大蒜及其硫化物(SAC、阿霍烯以及二/三硫化合物)激活哺乳动物组织中NO、CO和H2S的生物合成系统有关。研究显示,大蒜及其相关精油在特定情况下能产生H2S[5],并与其中的成分DATS、环2乙烯二噻、3乙烯二噻以及阿霍烯有关[6],这些分子可能作为天然H2S供体,类似于新型药理学供体GYY4137、AP39以及非甾体抗炎药的H2S释放衍生物[79]。研究发现,H2S和NO可共同作用产生多硫化物(H2Sn)[1011]。大蒜来源H2S能否与内源性NO共同作用形成细胞内多硫化物值得进一步研究。
1大蒜来源多硫化物分类
11硫代亚硫酸盐
当大蒜完整性被破坏时,大蒜素等一系列硫代亚硫酸盐产生,均不稳定。
12有机硫挥发物
大蒜素通常分解为二烯丙基二硫(DADS)、二烯丙基硫醚(DAS)、三硫化二烯丙基(DATS)以及二氧化硫。切碎大蒜和大蒜油中主要挥发物为DAS、DADS、DATS及阿霍烯等。
13乙烯二噻烯
此类化合物是大蒜素的热分解产物,包括2乙烯4H1和3二噻等,在油浸生蒜中含量丰富[12]。
14阿霍烯
阿霍烯是大蒜素的降解产物。随着温度升高,阿霍烯的浓度逐渐增加,主要为E阿霍烯和Z阿霍烯。
15水溶性有机硫化物
水和酒精大蒜提取物主要含有S烯丙基L半胱氨酸(SAC)、S(反式1丙烯)L半胱氨酸(S1PC)以及少量的S甲基L半胱氨酸(SMC),同时也是陈化大蒜提取物(AGE)的主要成分。
2动脉粥样硬化
研究表明,大蒜存在多种抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)作用。血浆胆固醇水平升高,尤其是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)被认为是AS发病的首要原因。研究显示,啮齿动物口服大蒜素粉末(5~50 mg/kg体重)或生蒜提取物(3~300 mg/kg体重)后,高胆固醇饮食诱导的血浆总胆固醇、LDLC及甘油三酯(TG)增高得到明显抑制[1315]。与之类似,大蒜来源多硫化物DADS类似物干预可有效降低高胆固醇大鼠的总脂质水平。研究显示,AGE对于抑制LDLC摄取有着不可或缺的作用。在AS损伤进展过程中,CD36胆固醇清道夫受体表达增加和巨噬细胞分化在OXLDL摄取和泡沫细胞形成中发挥关键作用。人单核/巨噬细胞(THP1细胞和人原代单核细胞)用同型半胱氨酸孵育后,AGE可抑制CD36表达、OXLDL摄取以及巨噬细胞分化[1617]。此外,Morihara等[16]发现,AGE通过抑制PPARγ(OXLDL摄取关键调控因子)下调CD36表达。
目前,有多项随机双盲安慰剂对照临床研究试图阐明大蒜对AS危险因素的作用。每日给予大蒜治疗可降低高脂血症和冠状动脉疾病(CAD)患者的总胆固醇、LDLC及TG水平[1820]。相似结果也发现于健康男性长跑者[21]。C反应蛋白(CRP)是炎症的重要标志物,同时也是心血管风险因素[22 23]。在AS中,CRP沉积于动脉壁,上调内皮细胞粘附分子表达,促进泡沫细胞形成[22,24]。两项纳入无症状和中度危险CAD患者的研究发现,每日补充AGE(300、1 200 mg)可降低CRP水平[2526]。大蒜抗AS作用也有矛盾的发现,有研究显示,大蒜对血浆胆固醇水平无显著作用。大蒜的成分和制备以及大蒜中硫化物的量可能造成了这些不一致的结果。
3高血压
40%的心血管相关死亡归因于高血压[27]。研究表明,膳食大蒜摄入均能降低血压,生蒜和AGE可降低自发性高血压大鼠收缩压[2830]。Harauma等[29]发现,AGE改善动脉延伸性并减轻僵硬度,显示AGE可能存在对血管壁的其他直接作用,从而改善血管顺应性。类似结果也见于每日给予大蒜粉处理的高脂膳食喂养大鼠[28]。在高血压患者中,大蒜补充剂有明显的降血压作用[31]。每日补充AGE,4周即能显著降低不受控制高血压患者收缩压[27,32]。针对时释性大蒜片Allicor和常规大蒜片Kwai的比较研究显示,二者对于轻至中度高血压均能降低收缩压,然而,只有Allicor可降低舒张压[33]。一项纳入了无症状、高职业压力消防员的研究发现,每日给予AGE干预1年后,血管弹性和内皮功能得到明显改善[26]。NO在血管功能发挥重要作用,通过促进血管舒张或抑制收缩,从而调节血压。在大鼠盐敏感高血压模型中,每日大蒜治疗可通过提高NO生物活性降血压[34]。Mohamadi等[35]發现,NO在每日大蒜和AGE介导的自发性高血压大鼠收缩压降低中发挥关键作用[35]。生蒜和AGE不仅能改善血管反应性[14,36]和内皮功能障碍[36],一些研究者发现,生蒜和AGE能同时提高NO合成酶活性及NO生成[3739]。
H2S在组织中主要由胱硫醚γ裂解酶(CSE)、胱硫醚β合成酶(CBS)以及3巯基丙酮酸硫转移酶(3MST)合成[2]。Benavides等[40]发现,大蒜来源多硫化物例如DATS和DADS是H2S的供体,且不依赖CSE、CBS以及3MST。与NO十分类似,H2S是一种内源产生的气体信号分子,在许多生理过程中发挥重要作用,并且在多种心血管疾病和损伤模型中呈现细胞保护功能[4144]。Benavides等[40]研究证实,大蒜来源多硫化物通过介导H2S生成调控血管反应性。大蒜(1 g/L)干预后,SpragueDawley大鼠离体血管环表现出剂量反应性血管收缩,同时伴随H2S生成[40]。外源和内源性H2S激活血管平滑肌的ATP敏感性K+通道,导致细胞膜超极化[45];灭活电压依赖性L型Ca2+通道,使血管收缩和舒张。研究表明,H2S介导的心脏保护作用可能通过与NO的交互作用,并依赖于NO信号[43,4650]。NO供体干预上调H2S生成酶CBS和CSE,促进血管舒张[5153]。H2S可增强NO供体介导的体外大鼠胸主动脉收缩[54]。eNOS信号鸟苷酸环化酶通过形成第二信使系统环磷酸5’鸟苷(cGMP),介导周围组织NO合成。多位点的磷酸化,特别是Ser1177或Thr495,通过调控eNOS活性分别增强或抑制NO生成[5557]。在OXLDL存在的情况下,DADS和DATS通过介导Ser1177磷酸化恢复eNOS功能,提高NO代谢物亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐及亚硝基硫醇浓度[58]。此外,H2S增强内皮NO合成酶(eNOS)活性及NO生物利用率,从而改善血管功能[59]。Nie等[60]发现,冠状动脉损伤后采用包被DATS支架治疗可上调eNOS和NO生成,介导内皮愈合而改善血管功能。大蒜多硫化物来源的H2S激活eNOS,提高NO生物利用率从而发挥心脏保护作用,其中潜在机制还需要进一步研究。
4心肌肥厚和心力衰竭
目前,心脏肥厚性重构导致的心力衰竭,仍是全球首要死因之一[61]。生蒜、大蒜油及大蒜来源多硫化物均有产生H2S的能力[36,47,62]。生蒜含有活性代谢产物大蒜素,在大鼠肺动脉高压和心衰模型中可明显减轻右室压力和肥厚[36]。与之类似,大蒜油中的多硫化物DATS和DADS可减轻糖尿病诱导心肌病模型中病理性心肌肥厚,改善心脏收缩功能[62]。在小鼠主动脉缩窄诱导心衰模型中,大蒜来源DATS有类似地减轻左心室扩张和功能障碍的作用。Polhemus等[47]发现,DATS治疗可缓解外周血管和肌肉间纤维化进展。此外,大蒜来源硫化物DADS和代谢产物通过eNOSNrf2Tfam信号激活线粒体生物合成,介导Na+/K+ATP酶表达,改善异丙肾上腺素诱导大鼠心肌肥厚[6364]。
5心肌梗死
与传统速效H2S供体(硫化钠和硫化氢钠)相比,大蒜来源DATS能在更长时间内逐渐升高H2S水平,并提高心肌缺血/再灌注后循环和组织中内源性H2S浓度[46]。Predmore等[46]发现,再灌注期给予DATS静脉或腹腔注射可显著减轻心肌损伤,包括梗死面积减少和心脏损伤标志物心肌肌钙蛋白I循环浓度降低。利用H2S生成酶CSE基因敲除小鼠,King等[65]发现,再灌注期补充DATS可恢复H2S浓度,并减少梗死范围。此外,在链脲佐菌素诱导大鼠糖尿病模型中,DATS通过AMPK介导AKT/GSK3β/HIF1α信号通路激活,减轻心肌缺血—再灌注损伤[66]。
综上所述,大蒜介导的心脏有益作用与多种机制有关,这些机制可能由大蒜的活性成分介导。大蒜素分解为有机多硫化物以及随后与硫醇间的相互作用,导致H2S产生。鉴于临床前研究证实H2S具有心血管保护作用,膳食大蒜对心血管的保护和逆转作用可能部分通过H2S介导。此外,H2S与NO信号间的交互作用进一步阐明了大蒜对血管反应性、血管生成及心血管的保护作用。未来需要更多实验和临床研究来揭示大蒜及其來源有机硫化物对心血管疾病的作用及潜在机制。◇
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