诗风瓷韵上林湖

2020-07-20 00:31黄岚
文化交流 2020年7期
关键词:越窑慈溪青瓷

黄岚

看到这些精美制作,总会深深感叹,古代的匠人们不知道是怎样将一点黄泥和成泥坯,加上釉料,又历经了几道工序、尝试了多少次失败,才凝炼成这薄如蝶翼青莹如玉的碟。

每个地方都有自己的名片,比如天安门之于北京,西湖之于杭州,天一阁之于宁波。那么慈溪呢?就是上林湖。从浒山沿国道向东南约15公里,便到了上林湖。去上林湖看什么?我的一首《忆江南》道出了秘密:“慈溪好,最喜在春时。栲栳山中飞白瀑,上林湖畔赏青瓷。怎不惹相思。”对,上林湖的青瓷白瀑,是慈溪最佳的山水名片。

上林湖位于浙江省慈溪市桥头镇辖内,四面环山,湖岸线曲折多姿,水色澄清,宛如碧玉镶嵌其中。

上林湖的美,在于她的绿。泛舟湖上,湖面倒映着满山的翠绿,船浆划动,清澈的湖水缓缓流动,在阳光下像绸缎一般滑落,熠熠闪烁。湖的南岸就是慈溪的名山——栲栳山。栲栳山林木葱茏,幽径曲折,层层叠叠的绿投射到上林湖面,便漾起无边无际的莹绿,清澈的水倒映着满山的绿,让人置身于一个安静的清幽世界,忘记了尘世与俗恼,连心也变得澄澈起来。

透过碧清的水面,可以看到近岸边的水底有层叠的瓷的碎片,这些瓷片或卧或立或斜插在湖泥里,有时一面白色朝上,有时一面青色朝上,和着湖底的水草,又向湖面折射出一种青绿色,让人疑心这水原本就有这深深浅浅的绿色。我曾作《南歌子·上林青瓷》以记之:“问讯青瓷底,追根翠岸东。湖波澹荡绿葱茏,随系轻舟出入史烟中。”

是的,上林湖湖畔,这四周山脚下有汉代至宋代古窯址100多处。这是我国最早烧制青瓷的窑址之一,所制秘色瓷,呈现一种天青色,一种很自然很柔美的青色,也是一种生命的颜色,又比张扬的绿色来得谦和,真是种恰到好处的颜色。

曾欣赏到一幅对联,是李亮伟教授为贺慈溪诗词学会成立所作:“煮海炉烟炊岸白,烧瓷窑火上林青。”非常有慈溪特色。上联用“煮海”两字写出慈溪人靠海吃海的特色,产盐是传统行业之一,如今还存有“一灶”“二灶”等地名,均反映了盐民煮海造盐之生活状态,煮海之炉烟,将海岸炊白了,非常形象。下联说了慈溪的另一个特色——青瓷。此处“上林”不作地名名词解,而作动宾结构,“上到林梢”与上联的“炊岸”相对。而“青”字则包含了三层意思,青瓷、炉火纯青、林木青青,有青春之感。烧瓷的窑火包含“炉火纯青”之意,既应上联,也暗指写诗词能达到炉火纯青之意。我说这个对联作得好,就在于“上林青”这三个字,简直是神来之笔,将青瓷文化天衣无缝地融入到慈溪文化中,让我一看到上林湖就想到个“青”字来。

我一直在想,为什么这越窑的瓷叫青瓷、瓷的颜色是青的呢?为什么不是景德镇瓷器的蓝、不是邢台瓷器的白?那做瓷的胚泥本是这黄色的湖泥,在烈火的考验下,为何竟能涅槃成这光洁美丽的瓷?

走走停停,我欣赏着上林湖的美。

上林湖的美,在于她的诗。山水因诗而留名,诗词因山水而轻灵俊美,两者相辅相成,相得益彰。上林湖在历史上曾隶属余姚,直到1954年始隶属慈溪。濒临海边,海涛轻拍着山脚,风浪的侵袭让人们不得安生。最早筑堤以捍海潮的是宋代余姚县令谢景初,他初建大古塘,从云柯至上林长二万八千尺(我推算大约为8.68公里),即东段海堤。谢景初(1020~1084年),字师厚,号今是翁,今浙江富阳人。他在任内政绩显著,在吴越一带被称为“四贤”之一。当然说这些,还是抽象了点,让人对他还是不甚了解。他有个女婿比较有名,就是江西诗派的诗人黄庭坚。谢县令有一诗《寻余姚上林湖》写得极为清丽,一开头就交待出游起因,“山水有奇秀,何必耳目亲。兹地世未知,仙游良可珍。”他听说上林湖一带山水奇秀,某天就探访过来。“平湖瞰其中,翠巘围四垠。青松千万植,落瀑如悬巾。佛庙耸殿塔,装点纷图新。清溪与断崖,水石声磷磷。”看他的描述,似乎这上林湖的秀美景色不曾改变,我们现在也能观赏到诗中所绘风光:平湖其中,翠岩四周,青松落瀑,水石磷磷(意为水中石头突立的样子)。而当时能登峰顶以观沧海,则与现今有很大不同了。曾经的大塘堤,现在已经向北围到了十二塘,让人油然而生一种沧海桑田之感。

来上林湖,必定要登一登栲栳山。宋代的另一位诗人高翥的《上林山行》就是描写从湖边向山上行走的风景:“落尽桐花春已休,过墙新笋箨初抽。山行步步黄泥滑,小立溪桥听雨鸠。”高翥(1170~1241年),字九万,号菊磵(古同“涧”,有水称涧,无水称磵),南宋时余姚人,是江湖诗派中的重要人物,有“江湖游士”之称。高翥不屑考取功名,以布衣终身。晚年贫困潦倒,无一椽半亩,在上林湖畔搭了个简陋的草屋,小仅容身,自署“信天巢”。从诗意来看,这一次诗人是在晚春时节到上林湖,竹笋因雨初抽新长,黄泥却因雨而更加湿滑,行至溪上小桥,诗人稍歇一歇,站在小桥上看一看四周的风景,听到雨声中的鸠鸟声声唤春,好一幅惬意的春游图呀。

通往栲栳山的山道上,随时会看到慈溪的特产——杨梅树。特别到了红果挂枝的时候,更让人回味。我在10年前和家人去上林湖,登攀栲栳山时,却是去早了,没品尝到天下最好吃的杨梅,却看到竹笋新抽,看到这生命之歌的绽放,特别令人愉悦。时艳阳高照,微风徐徐,栲栳山路的一边是苍翠的山林,一边是溪流,我也不知道这溪名是什么。我们一直走到瀑布飞湍处,看到山溪中的水石突立,突然想到“磷磷”这个词的奇妙来。女儿和侄子两个小孩子互相比爬山,人前人后跑得欢快。我有一首小诗《登栲栳山》记录这次登山:“春阳和煦草花盈,小女娇呼雀跃行。山路蜿蜒飞瀑白,林深更见画天成。”

上林湖的美,更在于她的瓷。越窑是我国古代最著名的青瓷窑系,自东汉至北宋末存在了上千年,而越窑青瓷的主产地之一就在慈溪的栲栳山下上林湖一带。此处是我国越窑青瓷发祥地和著名产地之一,现有上林湖越窑国家考古遗址公园和博物馆可供参观游览。说到青瓷,我们往往会想到晚唐诗人陆龟蒙的《秘色越器》这首诗来:“九秋风露越窑开,夺得千峰翠色来。如向中宵盛沉靡,共稽中散斗遗杯。”山林间的清晨,透过秋风清露,可见成千上万出窑后的秘色瓷堆放在山坡上,如千峰叠嶂,其色似青如黛,完全盖过了这千峰万山之苍翠本色。特别是那些敞口朝上堆放的瓷器,盛载了一些清露,如同嵇康这位中散大夫斗酒后留下的还残存有浊酒的杯子。这些瓷器承载着雨过天青的颜色,胎骨如薄片,均匀的施釉技术,使得釉色青翠莹润,光彩照人,令人爱不释手。

这上林湖的青瓷器有丰富的表现形式,有瓶、罐、壶、碗、洗、钵、盏等器物,而器物上的花纹又分为弦纹、印花纹、网格纹、连珠纹、羽毛纹、水波纹等等,器物高低不同,肩部细节如何,底部有脚与否,都会有一个不同凡响的名字。每一件器具都是一件无价的珍宝,在历史的长河中熠熠生光。如我欣赏到的一件东汉时的五联瓶,釉色青亮,造型别致,瓶身分三节,上节瓶口处由五个小瓶众星捧月般围着一个形似瓶子的瓶口,这就是“五联瓶”的直观意思吧!中节瓶肩部的小鸟和下节肩部的长尾小兽,虽是瓷制,堪比实物,精彩如斯!还有一个北宋的镂空蝴蝶纹碟,青釉薄胎,碟腹部镂空刻有蝴蝶纹,一只只蝴蝶造型优美,线条柔美,形象逼真,其翩翩起舞之姿态惟妙惟肖。这碟恐怕不是日常使用之器具,而應当是一件艺术品。

看到这些精美制作,总会深深感叹古代的匠人,不知道是怎样将一点黄泥和成泥坯,加上釉料,又历经了几道工序、尝试了多少次失败,才凝炼成这薄如蝶翼青莹如玉的碟?看一眼上林湖畔的碎瓷堆就知道,要怎样反复失败,才能留下如此艺术品让我们品赏。欣作一阕《南歌子》赞曰:“或把山泥和,终将碎片熔。持刀巧手刻唐风,秘色缠枝溪上绽花红。”而更让人自豪的是,这些瓷器竟然出自我家乡人的手笔,慈溪人的勤劳聪慧可见一斑。

最好是在细雨蒙蒙的春天,携一二好友,看桃红柳翠,听隔湖鹧鸪,赏一湖碧绿。入眸的青瓷碎片,带着史记的秘密,在这清幽的山间,与我低语。在这一瞬间,我早已与清风同醉,与湖山同醉,与天地同醉。

Shanglin Lake in Cixi

By Huang Lan

Shanglin Lake, a call card of Cixi in eastern Zhejiang, is about 15 kilometers south of Cixi Countys capital. Surrounded by hills, the lake is a gateway to serenity and to a splendor that dates back to about 1,000 years ago, as testified by numerous porcelain shards half buried in the lake bottom sloping down from the shores. These porcelain shards are a witness to a time when the hills were home to a cluster of kilns. At present, there are about 100 ancient kiln sites around the lake.

This string of kilns represents one of the earliest celadon makers in Chinas history of the ceramic industry. The ceramic wares produced around Shanglin Lake are generally known as “secret-color porcelain”, which refers to the colors of the glazes on finished products. The secret colors might come from formulas and procedures used in glaze making and firing. In history, some official supervisors were stationed at Shanglin Lake to oversee the production of best-quality porcelain products for imperial houses and government offices.

The kilns are known as  Kiln, a distinct name for the kilns that lasted for about 1,000 years in this part of Zhejiang, which for a long time in history was the land of the Yue state. The kilns around Shanglin Lake started the  Kiln tradition and were among the best producers of celadon in history. By the way, Zhejiang is still known as  in literary writings.  Opera, one of the best known regional opera genres in China, is so named in honor of the ancient state in history. The Shanglin Lake  Kiln site was inscribed onto the third list of national key cultural relics in January 1988.

At the foot of Kaolao Mountain, which is a major scenic attraction of the lake zone, spreads the Shanglin  Kiln Archaeological Park and a museum that showcases the beauty of the secret-color porcelains. On view at the museum are a lot of exhibits highlighting a full range of shapes, colors, and functions of secret-color porcelain objects. These ceramic wonders showcase the passion and artistry of the past celadon craftsmen and remind visitors of the poems about the celadon splendors by ancient and contemporary poets. The shards seen on the shores and in the lake are the remains of the products which were considered as failures and therefore destroyed.

Kaolao Mountain is more than the home to the museum and the park. Waxberry trees are part of the forest in the mountain. These waxberry trees produce the best quality fruit in early summer days. Also in the mountain are bamboo groves and a bubbling stream with grotesque boulders scattered here and there. In early springtime, bamboo shoots can be seen in the bamboo groves.

Shanglin Lake in the Song Dynasty (960-1279) was part of Yuyao. In 1954, five years after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, the region became part of Cixi. Yuyao and Cixi are both part of Ningbo, a harbor city in eastern Zhejiang. The lake took form in the Song Dynasty after Xie Jingchu (1020-1084), governor of Yuyao County, had a 9-km dike built there. The county governor may be little known to most people, but his son-in-law Huang Tingjian (1045-1105), a prominent poet and calligrapher of the Song, is better known in the history.

猜你喜欢
越窑慈溪青瓷
走在下雪的路上
慈溪,为它的美食疯狂打call!
越窑青釉直颈瓶
龙泉青瓷
慈溪杨梅包装设计
唐 越窑秘色瓷八棱瓶
200余吨危险废物随意堆放 慈溪破获重大“污泥”案
浙江上虞禁山早期越窑遗址考古发掘 青瓷溯源
龙泉青瓷