巧学活用名词性从句

陈应彬

【摘 要】 名词在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，能够代替名词这一功能的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句分为：宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。学习名词性从句、名词性从句的引导词以及名词性从句与定语从句的区别，防止混淆是非常有必要的。

【关键词】 主语从句;宾语从句;宾语从句;同位语从句

一、名词性从句引导词的用法

that仅作引导词，从句意思完整，不充当任何成分;what指事物或表疑问，充当主语或宾语;who 指人，作主语或宾语，表疑问，“谁？”;which指事物，作定语，表疑问，“哪一个？”;whatever指事物，作主语或宾语，语气强，“任何事情”;whoever指人，作主语或宾语，“任何人”;when表疑问，作状语，“什么时候？”;where 表疑问，作状语，“哪里？”;how 表疑问，作状语，“怎样？”;why 表疑问，作状语，“为什么？”;whether / if作引导词，表“是否”，但在句首、介词后的宾语从句和表语从句中只能用whether;还有it 作形式宾语的宾语从句等。

二、名词性从句的分类及用法

1. 宾语从句

You can take whatever you want.

It is too early to judge which team will win the match.

The physics teacher explained to us why the earth travels around the sun.

I wonder if / whether the boss will give me a leave.

I take it for granted that they were not coming.

2. 主语从句

What the capitalist pursue are profits.

That Yang Liwei is the first Chinese to travel into space is known to the world.

How all the criminals escaped from the prison over a single night remains a secret.

When and where we shall burn the dead birds and beasts hasnt been decided.

（引导主语从句如果有多个引导词，但任务目的一致谓语仍用单数，主语从句放在句首，谓语一般用单数）

3. 表语从句

The present problem is that there is not enough food and clothing in the disaster-stricken areas.

China is no longer what it used to be.

The question is whether we will put off the medical conference.

The problem is where and how we can find such an expert.

4. 同位语从句

在某些词后所接的陈述、说明该词内容的从句为同位语从句。常见的先行词有idea， fact， news， suggestion， word， hope， doubt等，引导同位语从句词有that或连接副词。

The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone.

Word came that the general would come to inspect them flood fighting soldiers.

There is no doubt that he is qualified for the job.

They put forward the suggestion that the wounded soldiers should be sent to the back.

三、名词性从句、定语从句及相互之间的区别

（每A、B为一组，进行比较）

A： The fact that the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone. （同位语从句、有先行词）

B： That the prisoner was guilty was plain to everyone. （主语从句、无先行词）

A： No one knows the fact that he has been abroad. （同位语从句、有先行词）

B： No one knows that he has been abroad. （宾语从句、无先行词）

A： My question is the one whether we will put off the medical conference. （同位语从句、有先行词）

B： My question is whether we will get off the medical conference.（表语从句、无先行词）

A： This is my question where Lu Xun was born.（同位语从句where表疑问）

B： This is the place where Lu Xun was born.（定语从句where作关系副词，不表疑问）

提示：同位语从句不用表原因、时间、地点的词作先行词。其先行词往往是能被说明内容的词。

四、結语：

语法分为词法和句法，名词性从句属于句法的范畴，学习句法要善于比较、善于分析，将句法讲得精而且透彻。句法一次性讲完或讲得太深也是不符合教学规律的。句法要从课文不断地学习中掌握，循序渐进。