昝亚娟
书面表达题是高考英语试卷中难度较大的一个主观题。全国卷的英语书面表达题为25分,所占分值比例大,而且考生容易失分,因此书面表达题的得分高低在一定程度上决定了考生高考英语的成败。在英语复习备考的冲刺阶段,书面表达的规范训练尤为重要。本文拟分析近三年高考英语书面表达试题的命题趋势;探讨如何帮助考生减少失误,写出高分作文。
一、书面表达命题趋势和方向
纵观近三年的英语书面表达试题,以考查应用文中的书信(电子邮件)为主,命题形式主要是提纲作文,试题保持较强的开放性,为考生预留了较大的自主发挥的空间,有利于考查考生的综合能力、思维品质和创新能力。笔者认为,近年的英语书面表达试题具有以下几个鲜明的特点:
(一)弘扬中国传统文化,提升文化自信
近三年的高考英语书面表达试题巧妙融入中国元素,旨在引导学生关注和弘扬中国传统文化,使考生提升文化自信。
从上表可知,写作话题涉及汉语学习、唐诗、剪纸艺术、中国的社交习俗、中国画等中国元素,通过英语写作向外国人推介中国文化,以此增强考生的民族自豪感,从而落实党的十九大提出“全面贯彻党的教育方针,落实立德树人根本任务”的要求。
(二)关注校园生活,促进考生身心健康
从上表可知,高考英语书面表达的写作话题密切联系校园生活,体现了高考命题的“基础性”和“应用性”原则。由于这些活动基本上是考生日常生活的一部分,不存在地域差异,不同地域的考生都有话可说。
(三)倡导“五育并举”教学理念,促进学生全面和谐发展
值得注意的是,近三年全国卷高考英语书面表达的写作话题出现了美育(中国画展)、体育(校乒乓球、校排球队和体育运动)和艺术(校音乐节),而且与体育相关的话题重复出现,体现了当前我国基础教育对素质教育的高度重视,通过英语写作倡导德智体美劳“五育并举”教学理念,促进考生全面和谐发展。
(四)保持较强的开放性,凸显对核心素养的考查
近三年的全国卷书面表达仍以提纲作文为主,试题的写作说明简洁明了,仅为考生提供一个大致的写作框架。由于提示的内容较少,需要考生自主决定具体的写作内容,有利于对考生的思维品质和创新能力进行考查,体现了高考命题的“创新性”原则,对当前的英语教学起到了很好的指导作用。
二、考生失分的主要原因
书面表达题的综合性较强,不仅考查考生的语言能力、文化知识,而且考查考生认真审题、谋篇布局、用得体的语言表达思路的能力,因此对考生的能力要求相对较高。笔者发现,考生在书面表达写作中存在的问题主要有:(1)审题不认真,写作目的不明确,遗漏一些写作要点,甚至出现跑题现象;(2)不能恰当地使用句子间的连接词语,以至于文章结构松散,行文逻辑性差;(3)对基本句型、句子结构的掌握较差,写出的句子不完整,缺少句子成分;(4)出现一些词性误用的现象;(5)词语使用不当或短语搭配不当;(6)常见的单词拼写错误,影响信息的传递;(7)写出的句子明显带有汉语思维方式。
下面请看一篇2019年全国Ⅰ卷的学生习作:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I heared(heard) that local art museum will hold a Chinese paintings exhibition. They want some volunteers. I am writing to apply for(to be) a volunteer.
You know, I used to work for the school broadcasting station, (through) which I improved my Chinese speaking. When I am(was) a child, I learn(leaned) Chinese paintings. So I can introduce some knowledges(knowledge) about them. If I was(am) picked, I will show the relevant skills to who is interested in it. I have many experiences(knowledge) about being a volunteer. I am sure I (am) able to do it well. If you could choose me, I will work hardly(hard) .
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
根據试题的要求,考生应写一封申请信,申请当志愿者,为伦敦举办的中国画展提供志愿服务。这篇习作不仅有多处语言错误,而且存在一些严重的问题,因此得分在12~13分。我们来看这篇习作存在的问题:
第一段开头不仅遗漏自我介绍,而且apply for a volunteer搭配不当,没有把意思表达清楚。第二段的第一句误用定语从句,应在which 之前加介词 through。但是,这个句子陈述的内容不符合试题的写作要求,个人具备较高的汉语水平与在伦敦中国画展活动中当志愿者之间没有必然的关联,属于“跑题”。文中多处动词时态的错误使用和汉语式的表达使这篇习作的档次较低。
三、如何才能写出高分书面表达?
要想写出高分的书面表达,我们首先确保写出的内容符合试题的要求,不能跑题或偏题,而且短文应涵盖全部的写作要点;第二,确保句子正确使用语法,避免带有“硬伤”;第三,写作要有亮点,应有高级词汇和复杂结构,如各种从句、非谓语动词和特殊句式等。
请看2019年全国Ⅰ卷的范文:
Dear Sir/ Madam,
My name is Li Hua, a Chiense student who is studying in London now. Knowing a Chinese painting exhibition will be held in the local gallary in July, I am writing to apply to be a volunteer.
I have the following advantages: first of all, as a child, I learned the Chinese painting for several years. So I have a good knowledge of art. Second, I speak English so fluently that I can communicate with native speakers without difficulty. Whats more, I have rich experience as a volunteer. If I am chosen, I can introduce Chinese paintings to the visitors.
I would appreciate it if you could give me an opportunity. Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
范文涵盖了试题要求的全部要点。第一段是导语段,包括自我介绍、写信的背景和写作目的。第二段先使用主题句,再列举自己具备的优势,然后陈述自己能做什么。最后一段是客套话,期待对方及时回复。短文中使用了宾语从句、状语从句和多种非谓语动词形式;并使用了多个高级词汇。特别是第二段使用了first of all, second和what's more等短语,提升了文章的逻辑性,因此本文得分24-25。
四、2020年书面表达考前预测
(一)告知信
假设你是李华,得知某英文报将举办以“外国人看中国(China in a Foreigners Eyes)”为题的征文活动。请根据下面的写作提示,用英语给留学生Peter写一封邮件。内容包括:
1. 活动宗旨;
2. 稿件要求:内容、字数等;
3. 交稿时间和方式。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Peter,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押題依据】本题把中外交流与当今中国的社会生活结合起来。写作话题有较大的开放性,有助于考查考生的思维品质和创新能力。写作话题与时俱进,考生有话可说。
【解题思路】这是一封告知信,通常由三段组成:第一段陈述写信的背景和写作目的。第二段是写作的重点,考生应告知对方关于征文活动的具体内容,可根据写作提纲所列的三个方面来写。
1. 活动宗旨;2. 稿件要求:内容、字数等;3. 交稿时间和方式。
最后一段是结束语,期待及早收到对方的回复。
【参考范文】
Dear Peter,
An English newspaper is going to hold an essay writing activity whose title is “China in a Foreigners Eyes” . They would like foreigners to write about their life in China. I am writing to invite you to make contributions.
You are supposed to share how you are living in China and what you think of China. You should write within 500 words and send your contribution at Englishpaper@163.com before March 30. Your writings will appear on the paper later and the winners will receive some souvenirs. Since you are good at writing, I think this is such a great opportunity that shouldnt be missed. I bet you will have a lot of fun.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(二)建议信
假定你是李华,得知新西兰笔友Alice对中国古诗感兴趣,请根据下面的写作提示,用英语给她写一封邮件,建议她读唐诗。内容包括:
1.为什么推荐唐诗;
2.简单介绍唐诗的主要特点;
3.祝他学习愉快。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
生词提示:尾韵:end rhyme
Dear Alice,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押题依据】这个写作话题把外国人学习汉语与中国古典传统文化——诗歌巧妙结合。写作情景真实可信,考生写起来有话可说。通过写作可以弘扬民族文化,提升考生的民族自信。
【解题思路】本文体裁为建议信,通常由三段组成:第一段陈述写信的背景和写作目的。第二段是写作的重点,先陈述唐诗在世界文学中的地位,然后建议对方读唐诗,并给出建议对方读唐诗的一些理由。最后一段是结束语,希望对方学习愉快。
【参考范文】
Dear Alice,
Im so delighted to know that you are interested in ancient Chinese poems. I would like to recommend you to read poems of the Tang Dynasty. The reasons are as follows.
Poems of the Tang dynasty play an important part in the history of world literature. That is why they have been popular all over the world. Poems of the Tang Dynasty consist of four lines with five or seven characters in each line. They usually have end rhymes, which make them pleasing to the ear. Besides, poets create a picture in the readers mind, expressing their strong feelings with a minimum of words.
I hope you will have fun reading poems of the Tang Dynasty.
Yours,
Li Hua
(三)祝贺信
假定你是李华,得知你的英国笔友Kate在当地举办的中学生汉语才艺大赛中获奖。请根据下面的写作提示,用英语给她写一封邮件。内容包括:
1. 表示祝贺;
2. 肯定她的成绩;
3. 祝再创佳绩。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Kate,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押题依据】写作话题密切联系当前的社会生活,把中国文化放在国际交流的大背景中设计试题,情景真实可信,考生对写作话题比较熟悉,有一种亲切感。通过写作有利于培养学生的民族自豪感。
【解题思路】本文体裁为祝贺信,通常由三段组成:第一段陈述写信的背景和写作目的。第二段是写作的重点,陈述对方创造了什么可喜的成绩,为什么要向对方表示祝贺。最后一段是结束语,希望对方再创佳绩。
【参考范文】
Dear Kate,
I am excited to know from your email that you have got the first prize in the Chinese Talent Show held in your school last week. I am writing to express my sincere congratulations on you.
You have been working so hard at Chinese in the last two years that you have done a good job. Not only do you sing Chinese songs beautifully, you also know so many Chinese poems and idioms, which allows you to stand out among other competitors. I am really proud of you. China is now playing an important role in the world stage. I believe you will benefit from learning Chinese in the future. So keep up the good work!
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(四)英语海报
假定你是李华,负责班级的英语墙报工作。请根据下面的写作提示,用英语写一则通知,张贴在学校的通知栏,告知同学们如何预防冠状病毒感染。内容包括:
1. 预防的重要性;
2. 幾点预防措施;
3. 祝大家健康。
注意:
1.词数100左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
生词提示:冠状病毒Coronavirus
【押题依据】本话题密切联系社会热点问题,引导考生学会健康生活。通过写一则海报,引导考生正确预防冠状病毒,自觉养成健康的生活习惯。
【解题思路】英语海报和英语书面通知非常相似,是一种常见的应用文体,包括标题、正文和发出通知的单位。短文应用简洁生动的语言清楚地告知读者要发生什么事情,活动的宗旨和内容是什么,以及应该怎么做。值得注意的是,英语海报的开头语言力求生动活泼,尽量抓住读者的眼球,引起读者的关注。短文最后应使用鼓动性的语言,激发读者尽快行动起来。
【参考范文】
How To Avoid Being Infected With Coronavirus?
As Coronavirus is spreading quickly, it presents a clear danger to our health. How to avoid being infected with coronavirus?Here are some tips.
First of all, dont go to the crowed public places to avoid close contact with anyone who has been infected with the virus. Second, always wear masks when going out and wash you hands frequently especially when coming home and before eating. Third, cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing with a tissue. More importantly, you should take moderate exercise and have a balanced diet, which can strengthen our immune system, thus keeping us free from virus.
If you follow the above tips, you will keep fit and feel happy!
The School Office
(五)道歉信
假定你是李华,你原定周末和外教Susan一起参观“京剧脸谱艺术展”(Beijing Opera Facial Makeup Show)。你因故不能前往,请根据下面的写作,用英语给她写一封邮件。内容包括:
1. 表示歉意;
2. 解释原因;
3. 希望谅解。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Susan,
Yours,
Li Hua
【押题依据】京剧作为我国重要的历史文化遗产,被誉为“国粹”,深受人们的喜爱。本文的写作情景真实可信,考生对写作内容耳熟能详。本题开放性比较强,有利于对考生的思维品质和创新能力进行全面考查。
【解题思路】本文的体裁是道歉信,由三段组成:第一段陈述写信的背景和写作目的。第二段是写作的重点,考生需要对自己未能履约做出合乎情理的解释,而且给出的理由要令人信服。最后一段是结束语,希望得到对方的谅解。
【参考范文】
Dear Susan,
I am sorry for not being able to attend the Beijing Opera Facial Makeup Show with you on Saturday afternoon as planned. I am writing to apologize to you.
The reason why I am not available is that some volunteers of our school are going to organize a cause campaign in order to raise money for wildlife protection. As a volunteer who is enthusiastic about public welfare, I think this is a great opportunity to make contributions to our society. I suggest we go to the show on Sunday afternoon. Would it be convenient for you? I am sorry for any inconvenience caused. I sincerely hope you can forgive me.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(六)感謝信
假定你是李华,目前在外国交换学习。在同班同学Henry的帮助下,你适应了新的环境和生活。请根据下面的写作提示,用英语给他写一封感谢信。内容包括:
1.写信意图;
2.他如何帮助你;
3.邀请他周末一起吃中餐。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Henry
Yours,
Li Hua
【押题依据】随着社会发展,中西方文化交流越来越频繁。本文把出国交换学习与英语写作结合起来,情景真实可信,有利于培养考生的家国情怀和国际视野。而且, 写作要点中融入了中餐文化,能够弘扬中国文化,激发学生的民族自豪感。
【解题思路】本文的体裁是感谢信,由三段组成:第一段陈述写信的背景和写作目的。第二段是写作的重点,考生应具体陈述为什么要感谢对方,包括对方为自己做了什么、对自己产生了什么积极效果。最后一段是结束语,再次表达感激之情。
【参考范文】
Dear Henry,
It has been a month since I came here. Thanks to your help, I have gradually managed to adapt to my new life. I am writing to express my sincere gratitude to you.
You showed me around our school on the first day, which helped me to be familiar with the surroundings. You are patient with me when I have a problem to ask. Besides, you play sports with me and chat with me in your spare time. As a result I am no longer feeling homesick. It is your kindness that enables me to fit in with our class. In return, I would like to treat you to some Chinese food on Sunday.
I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(七)咨詢信
假定你是李华,目前在英国交换学习。在学校的通知栏,你看到下面这则音乐大赛的消息:
School music competition on 15 June. Some great prizes!
Contact us: lovemusic@***mail.com
你有意报名参加。请根据下面的写作提示,用英语写一封邮件。内容包括:
1. 表示有意参加;
2. 询问相关的内容;
3. 期待尽早回复。
注意:
1.词数为100左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Sir/Madame,
I am Li Hua.
Yours,
Li Hua
【押题依据】本题设题新颖,让考生先阅读一则英语通知,然后针对通知的内容进行咨询。交际语境比较真实可信,鼓励考生发挥想象力,对关于音乐大赛的内容提出一些问题,有利于考查考生的综合素质。
【解题思路】本文的体裁是咨询信,由三段组成:第一段陈述消息的来源、写信背景和写作目的。第二段是写作的重点,考生应结合试题中提供的信息,提出相关咨询的内容。最后一段是结束语,期待及早收到对方的回复。
【参考范文】
Dear Sir/Madame,
I am Li Hua, an exchange student from China. I am interested in music competition to be held on 15 June. I am writing to make an inquiry about it.
As a music lover, I am fond of singing. I think this competition is a good chance to show my talent and learn from others. That is why I am going to participate. I have some questions to ask: First of all, how can I sign up for the competition and when is the deadline? Second, is there any specific requirement for the competition? Besides, do you offer prizes to the winners?
I would appreciate it if you could give me an early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
(八)发言稿
假定你是李华,是某国际学校的学生会主席。你校将于下周举办一年一度的体育节。请根据下面的写作提示,用英语写一篇发言稿,号召学生积极参加体育锻炼。内容包括:
1. 教育部的倡议;
2. 锻炼的重要性;
3. 号召大家积极锻炼。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可适当加入细节,以使内容充实,行文连贯。
生词提示: 教育部: the Ministry of Education
Hello, everyone!
Yours,
Li Hua
【押题依据】本话题密切联系考生的日常生活,旨在引导考生在学会学习的同时,学会做人,学会做事,培养考生正确的人生观和价值观。而且,落实教育部所的倡导德智体美劳“五育并举”的培养目标,有利于促进考生身心健康发展。
【解题思路】发言稿是一种常见的应用文体。由三段组成,第一段应表明讲话的背景和主题。第二段,应针对讲话主题展开具体的论述。就本文而言,第二段应陈述体育锻炼的重要性,并向同学们发出几点倡议。最后一段用客套话来结束讲话。
【参考范文】
Hello, everyone!
As we all know, “Health is the greatest wealth.” That is why we hold the Sports Festival annually. Now Id like to appeal to all of you to take physical exercise on behalf of the Students Union.
The Ministry of Education recommends that we play sports one hour a day to live a healthy life. As students, we spend so much time doing our lessons that we dont have enough time for exercise. That is why some of us are unhealthy. By taking exercise regularly, we can build up our health and strengthen our immune system. In this way we can keep fit and energetic. Let take action now. Lets take exercise for an hour a day.
Thats all. Thank you.