陈鸿
九个考点
语法填空的主要考点有以下九个,我们必须牢记:
考点破解
考点1:连词
两个或两个以上的单词、短语或句子之间,如果没有连词,必定填连词。然后根据全句的意思、它们之间的逻辑关系,以及搭配习惯和句式结构等确定具体填哪个连词。
连词是全国Ⅰ卷和Ⅲ卷的必考点,每年考1~2道,Ⅱ卷一般考两道,但2017年没考。
[例1](2016全国Ⅲ卷)... especially the so-called“rice bowl”cultures of China, Japan, Korea, __________Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析:China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam是四个表示国家名称的名词,最后两个之间没有连词,一定是填连词;根据句意,应填and。
[例2](2014全国Ⅰ卷)But the river wasnt changed in a few days__________ even a few months.
解析:a few days和 even a few months两个短语之间没有连词,一定是填连词;根据句意“这条河在几天内不会改变,甚至几个月内也不会改变”,以及在否定句中表并列,意为“也不,也没有”时,习惯上用or,故填or。
[例3](2014全国Ⅱ卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, __________some of them looked very anxious...
解析:空格前后是两个句子,没有连词,必定填连词;又因“许多人在车站等候”与“其中有些人看上去很焦急”是并列关系,填and。
[例4](2019全国Ⅱ卷)I work not because I have to, __________ because I want to.
解析:因because I have to與because I want to显然是两个并列的原因状语从句,又因not ... but(不是……而是)是固定搭配,故填but。这类对称对构还有:either...or(或者……或者,要么……要么), neither ... nor(既不……也不), not only...but(also)(不但……而且), whether...or(是……还是;不论……还是)等。
[例5](2019全国Ⅲ卷)They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals.(who /that)
解析:因空前是一个句子,空后是一个缺主语的句子,“有照顾这些动物的丰富经验”的应是它们的主人(their masters),因此,是一个限制性定语从句,先行词their masters是人,用who或that引导。
[例6](2017全国Ⅲ卷)But Sarah, __________has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that ...
解析:因Sarah wants to prove that ... 是一个句子,两个逗号之间的... has taken part in shows...是一个缺少主语的句子,且是补充说明Sarah的,由此判断是一个非限制性定语从句;先行词Sarah是人,只能用who引导。
[例7](2018全国Ⅰ卷) Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014__________showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
解析:因空格前是一个句子,空格后是一个缺少主语的句子,能“表明每天跑步5到10分钟可以降低患心脏病和各种原因导致的过早死亡的风险”的应是“研究(study)”,因此,这是一个定语从句,先行词为study,故填which或that。
[例8](2019全国Ⅱ卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __________she opened with her late husband Les.
解析:因空格前后都是句子,必定填连词;后句中open缺宾语,“她和她已故丈夫开”什么呢?应是宠物店;因此,后面是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是the pet shop,只能填which。
[例9](2016全国Ⅰ卷)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, __________I was the first Western TV reporter ...
解析:因空格前后是句子,必定填连词;“我是第一个西方电视记者”,什么时候是第一个?显然是指80年代中期;因此,后面是个非限制性定语从句,先行词是in the mid-1980s,在从句中充当时间状语,故填when。
[例10](2016全国Ⅲ卷)Over time, ________the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.
解析:因the population grew是句子,people began...也是句子,故本题必定填连词;由句意“随着人口的增长,人们开始……”,表示“随着”用as。
[例11](2016全国Ⅱ卷)So, get an early start and try to be as productive __________ possible before lunch.
解析:因as...as是固定搭配,故填as。
[例12](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining __________ hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take to get there.
解析:因so...that...是固定搭配,故填so。
[例13](2018全国Ⅲ卷)Im not sure__________is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere.
解析:Im not sure后的从句,显然缺少主语,用连接代词;又由句意“我不知道谁更害怕,是我还是突然冒出来的那只雌性大猩猩”,故填who。
[例14](2015全国Ⅱ卷)As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly__________thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
解析:“普韦布洛印第安人精确地计算出了”,计算出什么?后面显然是宾语从句,能引导宾语从句又能修饰形容词的应是连接副词;由意思“多”厚,可知填how。
[例15](2019全国Ⅰ卷)While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence __________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.
解析:there is evidence是一个句子,they range...也是句子,此空一定是填连词;而后句“它们的活动范围横跨北极,南至加拿大的詹姆斯湾”,意义完整,也不缺任何句子成分,故填that,该句说明evidence(证据)的具体内容,是同位从句。
考点2:介词
当空后的名词不是动词的宾语时,很可能是充当介词的宾语,也就是空格处很可能填介词,即“介词+(限定词+)名词”,注意,该名词前通常有限定词,或无需限定词的不可数名词或可数名词的复数形式。限定词是指冠词、物主代词(如my, your)、不定代词(如some, any, many等)、指示代词(如this, that, these, those)等。
介词为高考常考点,近三年Ⅰ卷考了两次,Ⅱ卷考点1次,但Ⅲ卷每年考1题。高考主要考查as, at, by, in, of, on, for, to, with, since等主要介词的主要用法,特别爱考固定词组或搭配中的介词。
[例16](2017全国Ⅰ卷)This trend, which was started by the medical community(界)________a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side effects ...
解析:名词a method显然不是动词的宾语,很可能就是填介词;又由句意可知是表達“这一趋势是医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的方法而开始的”,表示“作为,当作”用as。
[例17](2018全国Ⅲ卷)I was searching __________ these three western lowland gorillas Id ...
解析:因search for(寻找)是固定搭配,故填for。
考点3:冠词
冠词是放在名词前的,即“冠词+(形容词+)名词”,注意,该名词前没有限定词,特别是当这个名词为单数可数名词时,基本上可确定填冠词。
冠词为常考点,一般是三年两考,全国Ⅱ卷近三年每年考1道。高考主要在三个方面考查冠词:
(1)冠词的基本用法,即不定冠词泛指“一个(本,条,座,……)”,定冠词表示特指;
(2)在最高级前、序数词前、独一无二的事物名称前用定冠词;
(3)固定词组中的冠词。
[例18](2019全国Ⅱ卷)When we got a call saying she was short-listed, we thought it was joke.
解析:因joke是单数可数名词,前无限定词,基本确定填冠词;而句意是“当我们接到说她被列入候选名单的电话时,我们以为这是个玩笑”,表示“一个”用不定冠词,joke的读音以辅音开头,填a。
解析:根据时间状语In recent years(在最近几年里)可知,要用现在完成时,故填have reported。顺便提提,句中increases是名词,做have reported的宾语。
[例29](2019全国Ⅱ卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award, proud Irene (declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business. Irene said, ...
解析:因said是一般过去式,根据前后一致原则,declare也用一般过去时,即proudIrene declared... Irene said...,故填declared。
[例30](2019全国Ⅲ卷)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and ________(recommend)wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit.
解析:由空前的and和句意可知,所填词与shared并列,根据并列一致原则,可知填recommended。
[例31](2019全国Ⅰ卷) Of the nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six _________(be)stable, one is increasing, and nine lack enough data.
解析:根据并列一致原则,由one is... and nine lack...可知,与之并列的be也用一般现在时,主语six是复数,故填are。
[例32](2019全国Ⅲ卷)When they were free from work, they invited...They also shared... On the last day of our week-long stay, we __________(invite)to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars...
解析:根据前后致原则,由invited, shared,可知,此处的invite也用一般过去时,而we与invite是被动关系,用被动语态,故填were invited。
考点6:非谓语
若句中已有谓语,所给动词又不是与之并列之时,那就是非谓语动词。非谓语动词有不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种。全国卷语法填空每年通常考两道,个别年份考1道或3道。其中,全国Ⅰ卷近三年都是动名词和不定式各1道。
[例33](2018全国Ⅱ卷)The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice __________(improve)water quality.
解析:因“改善水质”是“鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻”的目的,表目的用动词不定式,故填to improve。
[例34](2019全国Ⅰ卷)Modern methodsof tracking polarbear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __________(perform)consistently over a large area.
解析:在形容词后做状语,通常用不定式,常见的有be likely /glad /difficult to do sth,故填to perform。
[例35](2014全国Ⅱ卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused __________(stop)until we reached the next stop.
解析:因在refuse, decide, plan, want, would like等動词后只能接不定式,故填to stop。
[例36](2018全国Ⅲ卷)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me __________(stay)and watch.
解析:由allow /permit /advise /persuade /encourage /ask sb to do sth可知,填to stay。
[例37](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldnt help wondering how long it would take__________(get)there.
解析:由it takes sb some time to do sth(某人做某事花了多长时间)可知,填to get。
[例38](2015全国Ⅱ卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough __________(cool)the house during the hot day...
解析:由“形容词或副词+enough to do sth”可知,填to cool。
[例39](2019全国Ⅰ卷)Scientists have responded by ____(note)that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集)around human settlements ...(noting)
解析:因by是介词,在介词后一般要接名词或动名词做宾语,但当其后带有状语或宾语时,只能用动名词,此处的note带有一个由that引导的宾语从句,只能用动名词,故填noting。
[例40](2018全国Ⅲ卷)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid __________(look)directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel challenged.
解析:因在avod, finish, advise, suggest, enjoy等动词后只能接动名词做宾语,故填looking。
[例41](2017全国Ⅱ卷)It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ______(lay)the track and then building a strong roof...
解析:因由and then build可知,这是A, B and C并列,根据并列一致原则,三者形式应当一致,故填laying。
[例42](2017全国Ⅲ卷)But unlike her school friends, 16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ________(rest).
解析:由spend time or money(in)doing sth(花时间或钱做某事)可知,填resting。
[例43](2019全国Ⅱ卷)When we got a call __________ (say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke.
解析:在时间状语从句中,已有谓语动词got,say前无并列连词,应为非谓语动词;又因a call与say是主动关系,故填现在分词saying。
[例44](2018全国Ⅱ卷)Chinas approach to protecting its environment while __________(feed)its citizens“offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide,”says the banks Juergen Voegele.
解析:这是“连词+分词”结构,句中主语Chinas approach与feed是主动关系,另外,由feed后有宾语its citizens,也可知道不可能是被动,故填现在分词feeding。
[例45](2019全国Ⅲ卷)On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, __________(listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
解析:因句中已有谓语were invited ...,所以listen必定是非谓语动词;又由we与listen是主动关系,故用现在分词表伴随情况,填listening。另外,由and meeting可知,listen与meeting并列,根据并列一致原则,listen也用-ing形式。
[例46](2015全国Ⅰ卷)A study of travelers__________ (conduct)by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuoas ...
解析:因句中已有謂语names,故conduct必定是非谓语动词,又由by提醒,用过去分词,故填conducted。conduct a study 进行研究。
考点7:词类转换
词类转换每年考1~3道,考查重点有三:
(1)将括号内的名词变为形容词。最近三年,Ⅲ卷考一次,Ⅰ卷考两次,Ⅱ卷每年都考。
(2)将括号内的形容词变为副词。最近三年,Ⅰ卷考一次,Ⅲ卷考两次,Ⅱ卷每年都考。
(3)将括号内的动词变为名词。最近三年,Ⅰ卷考1次,Ⅱ卷考两次,Ⅲ卷每年都考。
因此,考生在掌握词性转换规律的同时,还应重点掌握以下三种词各自的三种用法:
(1)形容词:①形容词(定语)+名词;②系动词+形容词(表语);③动词+宾语(含形式宾语it)+形容词(补语)。
(2)副词:①动词前或后;②副词+形容词;③副词,+句子。
(3)名词:①动词/介词+名词;②限定词(冠词、形容词性物主代词、不定代词)+名词;③冠词+形容词+名词。
[例47](2018全国Ⅱ卷)This switch has decreased ______(pollute)in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
解析:这是“及物动词+名词”,即做动词(has decreased减少)的宾语用名词,故填pollution。
[例48](2019全国Ⅰ卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a __________(believe)that populations are increasing.
解析:这是“冠词+名词”,冠词a后没有名词,空格处必定是名词,故填believe的名词形式belief。
[例49](2019全国Ⅲ卷)When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting __________(compete)to watch, together with the story behind it.
解析:这是“冠词+形容词+名词”,即在“冠词+形容词”后要用名词,故填competition(比赛)。
[例50](2017全国Ⅲ卷)She is determined to carry on with her ________(educate).
解析:这是“形容词性物主代词+名词”,因her(她的)是形容词性物主代词,其后必定是名词,故填educate的名词形式education。
[例51](2018全国Ⅰ卷)Running is cheap, easy and its always __________(energy).
解析:这是“系动词+形容词”,即做表语要用形容词,故填energetic。
[例52](2019全国Ⅲ卷)They also shared with us many __________(tradition)stories about Hawaii ...
解析:这是“形容词+名词”,即修饰名词(stories)用形容词,故填traditional。
[例53](2019全国Ⅰ卷)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been _______(poor)studied ...
解析:修饰动词(studied)用副词,故填poorly。
[例54](2019全国Ⅲ卷)They also shared with us many traditional stories about Hawaii that were __________(huge) popular with tourists.
解析:这是“副词+形容词”,即修饰形容词(popular)用副词,故填hugely。
[例55](2014全国Ⅱ卷)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and 43 (disappoint).
解析:由and可知,所填词应与形容词anxious并列,根据并列一致原则,disappoint也用形容词,而此处是指人“感到失望”,要用-ed形容词,故填disappointed。注意比较:disappointing(令人失望的)。
[例56](2018全国Ⅰ卷)To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to __________(strength)your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes.
解析:因“加強腿部肌肉”是“做运动”的目的,表目的用不定式,有to的提示,其后应是动词原形,故将名词strength改为动词strengthen。
考点8:名词复数
当数量大于1时,名词要用复数形式。要求考生将括号内的单数名词变为复数形式,全国Ⅰ卷常考,Ⅱ卷和Ⅲ卷有时考。判断是否用复数的方法:
(1)根据修饰语判断,有all, some, several, few, many, three等修饰时,名词要用复数形式。
(2)根据主谓一致来判断,谓语是复数时,主语必定是复数。
(3)根据举例推断,如所列举的例子不止一个,前面的名词应是复数。
(4)根据常识判断,如人不止一个肩膀。
此外,尽管名词的所有格至今未考,考生也不容忽视。
[例57](2018全国Ⅰ卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all __________(cause).
解析:做介词from的宾语,用名词,而cause本身可作名词,故考虑复数形式;由空前的all可知,要用复数,故填causes。
[例58](2016全国Ⅱ卷)Recent ______(study)show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks... (studies)
解析:因谓语show是复数,主语必定是复数,故填studies。
[例59](2017全国Ⅰ卷)This trend has had some unintended side __________(effect)such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
解析:由后面的举例(such as overweight and heart disease)可知,副作用(side effect)不止一种,故effect要用复数,填effects。
考点9:比较等级
近三年高考,全国Ⅰ卷每年有1道题要求考生将括号内形容词的原级改为比较级;Ⅱ卷未考查,Ⅲ卷仅在2018年考过一次最高级。
[例60](2019全国Ⅰ卷)... leading to the illusion(错觉)that populations are 68 (high)than they actually are.
解析:由后面的than可知,high要用比较级,故填higher。
[例61](2016全国Ⅱ卷)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify(識别)those of ______(great)and less importance.
解析:由and可知,空格要填的词与less importance并列,根据并列一致原则,可知great也用比较级,故填greater。
[例62](2018全国Ⅰ卷)... the review says it(running)is more effective at lengthening life ________ walking, cycling or swimming.
解析:由前面的more effective可知用than引导比较对象,故填than。
[例63](2018全国Ⅲ卷)He screams the _________(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
解析:由表范围的of all可知用最高级,故填loudest。
责任编辑 蒋小青