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3 Theoretical Thoughts on Shanghai’s Urban People-to-People Diplomacy

Abstract: In the context of great changes of international situations, people-to-people diplomacy plays an increasingly important role with the enhanced status of China in the world. Shanghai’s urban people-to-people diplomacy should be repositioned in the general background of the world, namely demonstrating Chinese feelings, wills, and power of emerging China. When China’s rise is misunderstood and misinterpreted, Shanghai’s people-to-people diplomacy plays an important role in expressing people’s support for China’s path of peaceful development, connecting the Chinese and foreigners in Shanghai as an important metropolis, and making contributions to the combination of domestic and global governance. Shanghai’s people-to-people diplomacy has its own features: the combination of governmental and non-governmental approaches; all-round opening without restrictions; the charm of Shanghai-style culture; the pursuit to mechanism and efficiency. From now on, Shanghai’s people-to-people diplomacy shall carry out the idea of “a Community with Shared Future for Mankind” and lay a non-governmental foundation for international identity. Therefore, it’s required to improve identity with learning, emotions, reasons, and shared values.

Keywords: Shanghai’s people-to-people diplomacy, path of peaceful development, a Community with Shared Future for Mankind

AbouttheAuthor: Yu Xintian is Senior Research Fellow at Shanghai Institutes for International Studies.

YuXintian

China’sDiplomacy

22 China-Russia Relations: Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination for New Era

Abstract: As the most important bilateral relationship among international relations, China-Russia relations play a significant role in maintaining international and regional peace and stability and balancing global strategies. After evolving to “comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination” from previous “strategic partnership of coordination” in 2011, China-Russia relations entered the “new stage of comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination” in 2014. In 2019, both Chinese and Russian presidents elevated the bilateral relationship to a higher level, “comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for new era”. Since then, both countries have had unprecedented political mutual trust and strategic cooperation, witnessing groundbreaking progresses in military and science & technology, fruitful cooperation in economy, finance, energy, road infrastructures, agriculture, region affairs and culture. China and Russia kept cooperating with each other to contain the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. Although the relations still face numerous external challenges and internal issues, the internal driving force for the bilateral relationship is powerful. In the new era, both China and Russia will enhance their political mutual trust, improve the bilateral trade structure and investment environment, and strengthen the early-stage feasibility researches for relevant projects, so as to promote the in-depth development of comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for new era.

Keywords: China-Russia relations, China-Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination for New Era, COVID-19 pandemic, China-Russia strategic cooperation, development prospects

AbouttheAuthor: Zhao Mingwen is Senior Research Fellow at China Institute of International Studies.

ZhaoMingwen

39 The Geopolitical Risks and Solutions for China’s Railway Construction in Africa

Abstract: China has been a main participant of African railway construction in the new era because its ability and experience in infrastructure construction conform to African railway development demands. In the context of “the return of geopolitics”, China’s railway projects in Africa has demonstrated remarkable geopolitical sensibility and vulnerability. Firstly, based on “geopolitical imagination”, western countries query China’s strategic intent in Africa and intend to balance China’s influence by multiple channels. Secondly, the high overflow risks of regional conflicts as well as the coordination of benefits and geo-economics games among various countries pose a huge threat for China to actively participate in regional connection planning. Finally, the geopolitical risks of a single railway project increase as a result of overlapping ethnic issues and democratic politics in host country and the influenced local social benefit structure and inherent contradictions. It’s necessary to refer to previous projects, adopt proper strategies, and leverage comprehensive solutions to cope with the risks of various levels.

Keywords: China-Africa cooperation, railway diplomacy, geopolitical risks, overseas interests

AbouttheAuthor: Xiao Fangxin is Adjunct Research Fellow at the Research Center of Economic Diplomacy, Wuhan University; Zhang Xiaotong is Professor at the School of Political Science and Public Administration of Wuhan University and Research Fellow at the Fudan Institute of Belt and Road & Global Governance.

XiaoFangxin,ZhangXiaotong

68 Concept Conversion and Autonomization and Generalization of China’s Social Science Concepts

Abstract: The great geographical discovery and new sea routes since the 15th Century lead the rise of western countries, and those countries entering the industrial revolution made drastic global competitions with each other while they developed their strengths. In addition, social science knowledge based on western concepts gradually spread to non-Western World, making worldwide social science knowledge gradually become western monistic universalism. Nowadays, emerging economies rise in groups and each country has proposed new innovative concepts based on its culture and practices, contributing to the diversification of social science knowledge. In order to study and spread social science knowledge with Chinese characteristics, China shall work hard to convert core and important concepts at home and abroad. Firstly, the historical and current changes of concepts shall be figured out to grasp the historical dimensions of concept evolution. Secondly, the Chinese and overseas changes of concepts shall be figured out to know the specific meanings of the same concept in different countries. Thirdly, more work can be done on the basis of mastering concepts to become an interpreter of concepts from previous receiver of social science knowledge. If existing western social science knowledge fails to fully interpret Chinese and global practices, Chinese scholars shall be dedicated to interpreting Chinese practices and global practices with Chinese concepts and dare to generalize Chinese social science concepts. If such transformation of thoughts with concept conversion as the core is available in most countries worldwide, the world’s social science will change into new universalism with inclusive features.

Keywords: concept, social science, knowledge system, China

AbouttheAuthor: Wu Zelin is Assistant Research Fellow at the Institute of International Relations, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.

WuZelin

GlobalGovernance

89 The New Round of WTO Market-Oriented Dispute and Its Prospects

Abstract: According to the Protocol on the Accession of the People’s Republic of China, the “surrogate country” approach for determining the normal values of China’s exports shall be terminated in 15 years after China’s accession to the WTO. However, such discriminatory approach has been often used by Europe and USA for anti-dumping investigations against Chinese products. In order to seek new legal basis, USA and Europe have joined hands inside the WTO to initiate fierce attacks against China’s economic pattern besides announcing that China is a non-market economy country according to their own standards, so as to force China to make fundamental changes as per their market-oriented conditions and weaken the competitive power of Chinese economy. A new round of WTO market-oriented dispute has begun. As the dispute appears in the context of Sino-US strategic competition, both the issues that have triggered the dispute and the WTO reform have become more complicated and antagonistic. Although the consensus decision-making principle of WTO can prevent USA and Europe from directly changing their market-oriented conditions and standards into the WTO rules, the trade frictions and conflicts between China and its major partners from Europe and USA may increase in the future, making Chinese enterprises face ascending risks and costs.

Keywords: market-oriented conditions, non-market economy country, fair trade, WTO

AbouttheAuthor: Ke Jing is Assistant Research Fellow at the Institute of International Relations, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences.

KeJing

113 Analysis on “Issue-Focused Coalition” Behaviors in U.S. Foreign Policies

Abstract: It’s quite common that some countries ally for specific issues. An issue-focused coalition can improve cooperation efficiency by overcoming dilemmas of coalition and collective behavior, and expand the room for cooperation by exceeding conventional strategic relations and framework, and provide legitimacy by displaying false “multilateralism”. Compared with other countries, the USA is fond of establishing issue-focused coalitions. On one hand, as a country with hegemony, the USA can maximize its interests in specific issues by using such issue-focused coalitions to overcome the restrictions in time, efficiency and rules, the relation frameworks and task objectives. On the other hand, the USA’s strategic thoughts and culture represent the root causes, such as the strategic thoughts of admiring concise strategies, pursuing lofty missions, categorizing things, externalizing rules, and seeking instant effects, as well as strategic culture including binary world outlook, exceptionalism of identity outlook and pragmatism approach outlook.

Keywords: issue-focused coalition, coalition, USA foreign policy behaviors

AbouttheAuthor: Shi Tianyi is Assistant Professor at the School of Government, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law.

ShiTianyi

RegionalResearch

136 The Arctic Strategy Under ROK’s “New Northern Policy”: Process and Constraints

Abstract: After ROK President Moon Jae-in took office, he included energy, the Arctic waterway and other contents into “9 Bridges” Strategy framework of “New Northern Policy”. By strengthening China-ROK relations and Russia-ROK relations to unfreeze its relations with DPRK, Moon Jae-in pushes the concepts of “New Economic Map of Korean Peninsula” and the “Northeast Asia + Responsible Community”. Under various considerations (such as enhancing regional discourse power, promoting economic development and ensuring energy security), Moon Jae-in Administration places priorities over participation in Russia’s Arctic energy development, contribution to commercialization of the Arctic waterway and construction of the Arctic logistics system within the framework of “New Northern Policy”. In the meantime, the construction of “Polar Cities”, with local governments as the backbone, has also become the focus of the grand planning. ROK’s Arctic Strategy is confronted with the challenges from a series of issues, such as the complication of the US-DPRK relations, homogenized competition between ROK and Japan and the militarization of the Arctic. Although Moon Jae-in Administration has made great progress in vigorous launch of the Arctic Strategy, the implementation of this strategy has been greatly restricted.

Keywords: New Northern Policy, 9-Bridges, the Arctic waterway, polar cities, geostrategic structure

AbouttheAuthor: Guo Rui is Dean of the Department of International Politics, School of Public Administration, Director, Professor at Center for Northeast Asia Security Studies, Institute of National Development and Security, Jilin University; Sun Tianyu is Lecturer at the School of Marxism, China Jiliang University.

GuoRui,SunTianyu