设计思想的形成

设计思想的形成与完善是一个非常复杂的过程。多视角的评论与品鉴有助于设计思想的凝练总结；多学科的交融能够促进设计思想与方法的发展；对时代诉求与技术变革的回应是新设计思想形成的助推力。这需要行业群体的共同努力。

批判性分析是每个领域都需要的思维方式，中国在艺术品鉴方面具有源远流长的传统。六朝时期，谢赫在《古画品录》中总结了绘画经验，把艺术的格调划分成“品”，分别予以措辞评判，提出了第一流作品的概念，并总结了绘画“六法”，其中的“气韵生动”成为后来绘画以及书法、戏曲、造园等艺术创作的指导思想。近代王国维在《人间词话》中用“境界”作为核心来品评词话，并使用“隔”与“不隔”的概念进行解释，其内涵是强调情景交融、崇尚真切，“境界”理论已被文艺批评家们广泛使用。传统造园也有清晰的源流，陶渊明的思想影响深远，网师园的“锄月”与耦园的“无俗韵轩”，景名分别源自《归田园居》的诗句：“晨兴理荒秽，带月荷锄归”和“少无适俗韵，性本爱山丘”，表达了寄情山水、自耕田园的隐逸思想。20世纪50年代随着城市公园建设的兴起，传承传统设计思想，在手法上通过山水骨架、明旨立意、景以境出等方式反映着城市山林的理念并为大众服务。自然山水园林成为中国城市公园的范式，延绵了“生气远出，妙造自然”的传统艺术思想主线。

风景园林设计在其发展过程中，与多学科碰撞交融不断产生新的设计思潮及方法。20世纪初，当时的医务工作者们相信树木（尤其是松树）散发出的气味可以帮助阻止传染性疾病传播，所以公共卫生官员们希望通过在城市建立公园与绿地来战胜疾病，像奥姆斯特德一样的风景园林师们致力于设计公园以解决城市环境与公共卫生问题，并把城市景观看作是对美好环境、文明与文化的体验，更认为第一等的美是城市景观之美。20世纪40年代，被评论者称作“哈佛三杰”的3位设计学院风景园林研究生探索现代主义潮流下的现代风景园林设计思维方式，强调空间作为主要设计要素的重要意义；30年后，伊恩·麦克哈格和劳伦斯·哈普林分别从景观生态与设计艺术分析的不同视角引入熵和热力学理论，拓展设计方法。麦克哈格受到生态学能量流动的影响，提出采用热力学模型来描述生命系统过程的设计分析方法；哈普林从艺术角度和熵结合，运用反馈循环原理，创造促进参与互动设计的方法，通过两条截然不同的控制论影响路径，他们都创造了新的设计理论与思想。到30年后的世纪之交，设计领域处在转折点上，新的发展促使在都市主义语义下构建生态、景观与可持续框架，并倡导将这些设计理念与实践结合起来，构建适应气候变化的绿色基础设施新模式。

当前风景园林设计领域的边界正在不断突破，在生态文明、美丽中国、新型城镇化建设背景下，设计亟待解决城市病、空气污染、公共健康、生态安全以及气候变化等问题，通过理清文化思想的主线，顺应自然与美的塑造追求，同时融合时代诉求和信息技术进步赋予设计的更多可能性，我们能够用更乐观、开放、包容的心态积极探索下一次设计思想与方法的变革。

主编：郑曦教授

2020年5月25日

PREFACE

The Formation of Design Ideas

The formation and improvement of design idea are indeed a process full of complexities. To comment and appreciate from different perspectives is conductive to the simplification and summary of design idea. The multidisciplinary integration boosts the development of design idea and method; design idea can be formed more effectively by responding to the appeal in new era and technological reform. The above cannot be separated from the joint efforts of the whole industry.

To analyze with a critical thinking is entailed in every field.China has a long lasting tradition in artwork appreciation. In the Six Dynasties, Xie He concluded the painting experience in his workReviews on Classic Paintingsand judged and commented artwork by dividing them into “grades” (品)based on their stylistic mode. He also proposed the concept of “the first-class work” and summarized the “six principles” in Chinese painting. In particular,the “lively rhyme and vitality” of the six principles becomes the critical philosophy guiding China's art creation thereafter, such as painting, opera, calligraphy and garden-making. Wang Guowei used the word “realm” as core to comment and appreciateJen-Chien TZ'u-huain modern times and made explanation with the concept of partition and non-partition respectively, with a view to laying emphasis on the blending of scenery and emotion and truth respecting. The theory of “realm” has been widely quoted by art criticisms. The traditional landscaping is endowed with a clear origin, including Tao Yuanming's thoughts, which have exerted profound influence. The scene naming of “hoeing under the moon” described in the Master-of-net Garden and “the pavilion without vulgar sentiment” in the Garden of Couple's Retreat were inspired by the poemRetirement Life in Country, which connotes the following contents:“coming to the farmland in the very early morning and coming back home with the moon light” and “from the childhood I bare no vulgar sentiment, pursuing the charm of nature”. The above expresses the seclusion thoughts of expressing the feeling on the beautiful nature and farming for making a living on the countryside. With the popularity of city park construction in 1950s, the thoughts of inheriting traditional design, embodying the main philosophy and making suitable scenes based on the surroundings by landscape arrangement elaborately reflects the unity of nature and human and the idea of serving the public.Therefore, parks with natural landscape set a typical example for the Chinese urban parks and further extend the traditional art thoughts of “fully exerting the vigor of everything and fostering a delicate and harmonious nature”.

New design ideas and methods were born from landscape architecture design by interacting with different disciplines in course of its development. In the early 20th century when the medical workers believed that trees especially some odor exerted by pines could prevent the spreading of infectious diseases, so the public health officials hoped to cure disease by building urban parks. The landscape architects like Frederick Law Olmsted devoted themselves into resolving the issues about urban environment and public health by designing parks and regarded urban landscape as a way to experience beautiful scenery,civilization and culture. They also believe that the elegance of urban landscape belongs to the first class of beauty. In 1940s,three postgraduates majoring in landscape from GSD, who were called “Harvard's Three Outstanding Figures” by critics, explored the thinking mode of modern landscape design under the trend of modernism and emphasized the importance of space as the main design element. In 1970s, 30 years later, Ian McHager and Lawrence Halprin respectively introduced the theory of entropy and thermodynamics from different perspectives of landscape ecology and design art in order to expand design methods.Influenced by the energy flow theory in Ecology, McHarg used thermodynamic model to describe the design and analysis methods of bio-system process. Differently, Halprin combined art with entropy from the artistic angle and used the feedback loop principle to create the methods of propelling the participation in interactive design, and they all created new design theories. Path is affected by two totally different influence control theories but both of the figures above created new design theory and idea.By the turn of the century 30 years later, the design field stayed at a turning point, new development promotes the construction of ecological, landscape and sustainable framework under the connotation of urbanism, advocates the combination of these concepts with design practice, and forms a new model of green infrastructure complying with climate change.

Currently, the field of landscape architecture is trying to make new breakthroughs. Under the background of civilized ecology,beautiful China and new type of urbanization, design is given the mission to resolve some issues urgently, such as city disease, air pollution, public health, ecological safety and climate change. By grasping the mainstream trend of cultural thoughts, complying with the pursuit of nature and beauty and integrating the appeals in the era and information and technology progress, designs could bring more possibilities. We should witness the next reform of design ideas and methods with a more optimistic, open and inclusive attitude.

Editor-in-Chief:Professor ZHENG Xi

May 25, 2020