2016里约奥运会奥运村公园

布雷·马克斯景观设计事务所

2016里约热内卢奥运村公园坐落于巴西里约热内卢市西部的巴拉达蒂茹卡地区，占地面积超过80万m2。在这里，佩德拉布兰卡国家公园（Pedra Branca State Park）中重要的大西洋森林植被保护区，与沼泽、浅滩等多样的自然环境类型，坎塔加卢、阿莫林和欧泰鲁山脉（Cantagalo,Amorim and Outeiro Hills）以及塔比乌斯（Tabebuias）环境保护区共同构成了当地独特的景观风貌。

布雷·马克斯（Burle Marx）景观设计事务所对占地面积约7.2万m2的2016里约热内卢奥运村公园进行设计开发，并计划将其打造为大型的公共公园，成为奥运会举办期间奥运村的中心地带。奥运会闭幕后，这个公园将会向公众开放，并成为伊拉普拉（Ilha Pura）私人公寓标志性的景观元素。

从20世纪80年代至今，连续不断的垃圾填埋形成的地形几乎没有变化。所以在这层意义上，考虑到周边建筑的高程需求（首层地面比公园中心区域高出3m左右）与公园大尺度的地形，我们认为通过塑造丰富的竖向变化来为使用者提供更多元化的空间是很重要的。设计概念还提出要形成具有显著特征的环境和空间，而这些特征只能通过步行或对公园的使用来感知。

园路，生活区，被大面积的种植池和草坪包围、天然沙砾石铺装的活动区，一条漫步道，一条长约1 500m的透水铺装自行车道，以上这些元素共同组成了公园的景观结构。值得一提的是，这里还有足球场、网球场、篮球场、排球场等各种运动场所。

在主要的步行路径上，我们布设了不同的空间和设施，来强调水域总面积约8 500m2的9个湖泊和水塘。

1 公园总平面图Park master plan

由于其中心地带的长度为1 400m，而宽度从50m到115m不等，这种场地的形状构造导致我们将大多数运动场以及主要的湖面都设计在地形的中心部分。

主湖是设计中着重表达的一个景观要素，它魅力十足的喷泉系统，配合着灯光和音效，使得这里在晚上成为一个独特的观赏点。我们在湖中还规划了一个冥想岛屿，布置有休息区和木质花架，便于游客观赏周围美丽的湖泊。我们也为其他的湖泊设计了景观点，如水花园和喷水装置等等。湖泊有2种不同的边缘——上升式和下降式，上升式的边缘可以作为连续的长凳使用。

在公园的两端，我们设计了2个入口广场，铺装的设计既标示着主要的出入口，也将公园和周围的街区连接起来。

此外，游客也可通过公园周边的7座公寓，或者连接其他街区和公园的6座附属建筑，直接进入公园区域。

值得注意的是，除了可以通行之外，上述附属建筑中的4栋是由2座钢—木结构（由耐候钢与森林管理委员会认证的木材搭建）桥梁相互连通的。

整个公园中规划了6个休闲区，其中布置有特别设计的现代的设施：线形游乐装置、再生橡胶铺装的彩色小丘和设有喷水装置的游戏场。

我们利用地形设计创造出空间，也精心设计了其他有木平台的休息区域，为人们提供野餐与沉思。

2 从公寓俯瞰公园中心区域（种植前期）Central area of the Park view from the apartment (early planting stage)

3 主水池和休息平台Main water pond and resting decks

公园图景——植被结构

我们综合考虑了道路、湖泊、生活区、花池等物理构成，成组团的种植同一品种而大小特征各异的灌木、树丛、棕榈，形成整体的植被结构。在指导性的规划概念中，我们强调了在整个公园中提供遮阴区域的设计意图。

我们也同样强调了要通过丰富的乡土植物或花叶茂密的果树的种植，及其他潜在的环境因素的利用，恢复场地生态环境。

规划中也涵盖了植物种类的多样性的提升，以吸引当地以多种桃金娘科、棕榈科等植物为食源的动物。

我们选择的植物种类包括阿萨伊巴西莓（Euterpe oleracea）、阿罗伊拉巴西乳香（Schinus terebinthifolius）、皮坦加红果仔（Eugenia unif l ora）、格鲁米可萨玛巴西樱桃（Eugenia brasiliensis）、巴卡帕里藤黄（Garcinia gardneriana）、嘉宝果（Myrciaria caulif l ora）、酸角（Tamarindus indica）、阿莫拉黑桑（Morus nigra）。

城市和公园中不常用的观赏树种，如贝叶棕（Corypha umbraculifera）、曲叶矛榈（Mauritia flexuosa）、树形奇特的棕榈、华贵璎珞木（Amherstia nobilis）等的使用，使奥运村公园成为一个植被景观多样和体验丰富的区域。

植物的配置不仅利用了不同物种之间的组合和联系，也突出了颜色、质感和体量的对比。随着人们的进一步行走、观赏与感知，植物景观与新建的地形相结合，一起塑造了公园丰富的环境体验，形成了持久而可供沉思的空间。

我们在2个入口广场附近，以及步行道、自行车道与天然沙砾土路的沿途，都设计了一些观赏地被花卉的花池。为了降低植物的养护需求，设计对植物品种的选用都经过了细致的分析。

我们最终在这个项目中使用了200种植物，按类别可分为乔木、棕榈、灌木、草本、水生植物。并对适宜浅滩与大西洋森林生态系统（Restinga and Atlantic Forest ecosystems）的乡土物种进行了着重选取。

4 从北桥/南桥是所看到的公园景观Park view of North/South Bridge

可持续性

最终的设计成果综合考虑了造型、功能和技术，结合了创新的城市设施和家具，同时也持续关注着对环境实践的可持续发展。该设计理念旨在为人类提供一种更通用的方式强化人类与自然的联系，并且强调在大型城市中心创造和保护绿色空间的重要性。

2016里约热内卢奥运村公园的整体设计均注重了可持续发展。

我们始终关注着项目中低热系数和回收利用的材料（如游乐场中的耐候钢和橡胶地板）的使用、硬质铺装面积的减少、排水铺装材料的选择以及森林管理委员会对项目执行的认证。

为了避免水资源浪费，项目选择了灌溉需求较低的乡土适生物种。此外，公园也有自己的灌溉系统，可以通过中水的再利用进行花园的浇灌。这些都是获得水封认证（Aqua Seal Certification）的决定性因素。

同时，为了减少对环境的影响，公园开辟了一个特定的区域来堆肥，将植物残渣转化为有机肥供公园内部使用。

此外，为了推进低环境影响的城市交通，我们通过在公园中植入自行车区（包括残疾人自行车）、步道、自行车道，并与阿伯拉多布埃诺街（Aberlado Bueno Street）上现有的自行车系统相连。

该项目还融入了体感花园、服务于老年人健身设备等设计元素，无障碍的通用设计使所有人都可以到达并使用公园的所有场地和设施。

关于布雷·马克思景观设计事务所

布雷·马克斯景观设计事务所是一个著名的设计公司，由罗伯特·布雷·马克斯（Roberto Burle Marx）于1955年创建，能够根据每个项目的特征和需求提供专属的设计。目前，工作室由第三代景观设计师小野·伊莎贝拉（Isabela Ono）、小野·胡里奥（Julio Ono）、古斯塔沃·莱瓦（Gustavo Leivas）共同协调管理，他们拥有丰富的国内和国际设计经验，并保留了Haruyoshi Ono和罗伯特·布雷·马克斯的创作理念。

伊莎贝拉、胡里奥和古斯塔沃近几年通过与Haruyoshi Ono的共事和景观项目的开发，以一种自然而渐进的方式接手了公司的管理，形成了一个饱含热情的景观设计专业团队，他们的灵感来源于Haruyoshi Ono和罗伯特·布雷·马克斯的创作理念。

（编辑/刘玉霞）

项目名称：2016里约热内卢奥运村公园

项目位置：巴西里约热内卢市西部的巴拉达蒂茹卡地区

项目设计：布雷·马克斯景观设计事务所

规模：72 000m2

项目开发时间：2012—2015年

施工时间：2014—2016年

翻译：张沚晴

校对：孙越

Located in the West Zone of the City of Rio de Janeiro in Barra da Tijuca region,the Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park is situated in a private area with more than 800 thousand square meters.The local landscape is marked by the presence of Pedra Branca State Park,with its important reserve of Atlantic Forest vegetation,and diverse formations such as marshes and restinga,and also by the presence of Cantagalo,Amorim and Outeiro Hills,as well as the Tabebuias Environmental Protection Area.

The Burle Marx Landscape Studio was invited to develop the Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park at an area of approximately 72,000 squares meters,intended to be a large public park to be used as the centerpiece of Athlete’s Village during Rio 2016 Olympics.After the Games the idea was to open this park to the public,becoming prominent element of the private condominium known also as Ilha Pura.

5 主湖和球场的鸟瞰Aerial view of the main pond and playing courts

The terrain,resulting from successive landfills beginning in the 1980s,showed little topographical variation.In this sense,considering the level proposed for the surrounding buildings (about 3 meters above the level of the central area destined to the park) and the large dimensions of the terrain,we understood that it would be important to incorporate topographic variations offering to the users a more diverse space.The concept was also to propose environments and spaces with distinct characteristics that could only be perceived by walking or using the park.

The Park’s landscape design structure is composed of paths,living areas and activities on natural soil (sandy gravel) surrounded by large areas of plant beds and lawns,as well as a lane with promenade and bike path with approximately 1,500 meters length designed with draining paving.

Articulated to the main walking paths we proposed different spaces and equipment,highlighting the nine lakes and water ponds with a total of approximately 8,500 square meters of water surface.It is also worth mentioning the various areas dedicated to sports such as soccer fields,tennis,basketball and volleyball courts.

Due to the configuration of the site—with a width that vary from 50 meters to 115 meters in the central stretch,and 1,400 meters in length—most of the sports courts,as well as the main lakes,were located in the central section of the terrain.

The main lake was designed to be an element of prominence at the composition.It has an attractive system of water fountains jets,in addition to effects of lights and sounds,making the place a special spot at night.It was also planned,inside the lake,a contemplative island with resting areas and a wooden pergola,highlighting the beauty of the surrounding lake.

The other lakes were designed with attractions like water gardens and jets.The lakes were detailed with two types of edge,raised and lowered,functioning also as continuous benches in the case of raised edges.

At both ends of the Park,we designed two entrances plazas with pavement and floor design marking the main accesses and also connecting the park to the surrounding blocks.

Complementarily,access to the park is also possible directly through the seven surrounding buildings of the condominium or through six easements that link other blocks to the park area.It is important to note that in addition to allowing access,four of these easements are interconnected by two bridges designed in steel structure (corten steel) and FSC certified wood.

Throughout the park,six leisure areas have been created,with design and contemporary furniture:string toys,colorful little hills of recycled rubber flooring and playground areas with water jets also with the same rubberized floor.

Taking advantage of the created earth movement and the created gaps,we have also detailed other leisure areas with wooden decks for picnic and contemplative spaces.

Park drawing—vegetable structure

Designed in an integrated way to the physical structure of paths,lakes,living areas,flowerbeds and others,the proposed plant structure is composed of tree clusters,palm trees and shrubs planted in groups of the same species with different sizes and characteristics.Among the concepts that guided the composition we highlight the intention to offer shaded areas throughout the Park.

We also highlight the use of native plants and fruit species with exuberant flowering and foliage—and environmental potential for ambiental recovery.The planning included the increase of the floristic diversity,providing the attraction of the local fauna that feeds from diverse species of mirtaceas,arecaceas,among others.

Among the chosen species we can mention:Euterpe oleracea (Açaí),Schinus terebinthifolius(Aroeira),Eugenia uniflora (Pitanga),Eugenia brasiliensis (Grumixama),Garcinia gardneriana(Bacuparí),Myrciaria caulif l ora (Jabuticaba),Tamarindus indica and Morus nigra (Amora).

Ornamental species that are not commonly used in urban arborization and parks such as the Corypha umbraculifera and Mauritia flexuosa,palm trees with spectacular structure,and the use of the Amherstia nobilis tree,have been incorporated,making the Olympic Village Park an area rich in vegetation and experiences.

The plant composition took advantage of the combinations and associations between species and the contrasts of colors,textures and volumes.Associated with the new topography created,the vegetation assisted in the creation of rich ambiences and in the configuration of spaces of permanence and contemplation with views that are gradually discovered as the park is walked by the users.

Near the two entrance plazas,along the walking trail/cycle path and near the walks in natural soil were created several plant beds for ground cover species with ornamental flowering.In order to reduce the maintenance demand of this type of plant,the use of these species was incorporated through a carefully analysis.

Two hundred plant species were used in the project,divided among trees,palms,shrubs,fodder and aquatic plants,with emphasis on native species related to Restinga and Atlantic Forest ecosystems.

6 北公园入口鸟瞰Northern Park entrance aerial

Sustainability

The final design was the result of plastic,functional and technical solutions,combined with the use of innovative urban equipment and furniture,as well as a constant concern to incorporate or adopt measures of environmental practices and sustainability.The concept aims to translate a more current way for man to relate with nature and to emphasize the importance of creating and preserving green spaces in large urban centers.

8 自行车道与人行道Bike and walking paths

Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park was all designed focused on sustainability.We were concerned with the use of materials with a low coefficient of thermal and recycled absorption (such as corten steel and rubberized flooring for playground areas),the reduction of paved areas in the project,and the choice of drainage floors and FSC certified execution of the project.

To avoid wasting water,we chose native and adapted species with lower irrigation demand.In addition,the Park has its own irrigation system,which allowed us to reuse gray water into the garden.These factors were decisive in obtaining the Aqua Seal Certification.

To reduce environmental impact,a specific area was created to compost waste from the management of vegetation and its subsequent transformation into organic manure for use within the park itself.

In addition,we have designed spaces to stimulate mobility with low environmental impact through the installation of bike areas (paracycles),walks and routes for the transit of bicycles with cycle paths within the park and throughout the enterprise connected to the existing cycle system at Aberlado Bueno Street.

The project also incorporated elements such as Sensorial Garden,gym equipment for the senior citizens and elements for universal accessibility,making all the parts and equipment of the Park accessible.

About Burle Marx Landscape Studio

Founded by Roberto Burle Marx in 1955,the Burle Marx Landscape Studio is a renowned office,capable of offering an exclusive product,according to the personality and needs of each project.Currently,the studio is coordinated by the third generation of landscape architects—Isabela,Julio and Gustavo—who have extensive national and international experience,preserving the creative concepts of Haruyoshi Ono and Roberto Burle Marx.

Isabela Ono,Gustavo Leivas and Julio Ono took over the management of the company in a process that had already begun in a natural and gradual way through daily living and development of landscape projects together with Haruyoshi Ono during the last years.The result is a team of professionals who breathe landscaping and work passionately,whose inspiration comes from the strong legacy left by Haruyoshi and Burle Marx.