宋静 戎建荣
摘要:碳青霉烯類耐药肠杆菌科细菌(CRE)已经成为全球性公共卫生问题,这类细菌往往伴随高致病率、高致残率、高死亡率,为临床治疗带来了极大的挑战。CRE的耐药机制主要是产生碳青霉烯酶。快速、准确地检测产碳青霉烯酶的肠杆菌科细菌,对于合理使用抗生素,预防和控制产酶菌株的传播具有重要意义。本文就实验室检测肠杆菌科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的研究方法进展作一综述。
关键词:肠杆菌科细菌;碳青霉烯酶;表型检测;碳青霉烯灭活试验
中图分类号:R33 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.19.009
文章编号:1006-1959(2019)19-0025-04
Laboratory Test of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae Bacteria
SONG Jing,RONG Jian-rong
(Department of Clinical Laboratory,Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University,Taiyuan 030032,Shanxi,China)
Abstract:Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has become a global public health problem. These bacteria are often accompanied by high morbidity, high disability, and high mortality, which have brought great treatment to clinical treatment challenge. The mechanism of CRE resistance is mainly the production of carbapenemases. Rapid and accurate detection of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria producing carbapenemase is of great significance for the rational use of antibiotics to prevent and control the spread of enzyme-producing strains. This article reviews the progress of laboratory research on the detection of carbapenemase in Enterobacteriaceae.
Key words:Enterobacteriaceae;Carbapenemase;Phenotypic detection;Carbapenem inactivation test
肠肝菌科细菌多数是人体的正常菌群,可引起呼吸道、泌尿道和手术切开等部位的感染,在临床分离中居首位。随着广谱抗菌药物的广泛使用,多药耐药肠肝菌科细菌的比重不断增加,临床药物选择也更加困难。碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌(carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae,CRE)已经成为全球性公共卫生问题,其CRE耐药机制主要包括产生各种类型碳青霉烯酶、膜孔蛋白缺失或突变或其联合产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)、头孢菌素酶(AmpC)和外排泵的过度表达[1],其中产生碳青霉烯酶是最常见的耐药机制,碳青霉烯酶是指能够明显水解亚胺培南或美罗培南的一类β内酰胺酶,包括Ambler分子分类为A、B、D类酶[2-5]。A类为丝氨酸酶,属于Bush分群中的第2f亚组,多见于一些肠杆菌科细菌;B类为金属酶,属于Bush分群中的第3组,多见于铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、肠杆菌科菌;D类丝氨酸酶,属于Bush分群中2d亚组,仅见于不动杆菌。编码这些酶的基因通常存在于可移动基因元件上,通过质粒及转座子在细菌之间进行水平传播,从而使碳青霉烯酶不仅仅局限在碳青霉烯类耐药肠杆菌科细菌,同时也加快了产碳青霉烯酶耐药菌的出现和传播。因此,快速、准确地检测产碳青霉烯酶的肠杆菌科细菌,对于合理使用抗生素,预防和控制产酶菌株的传播具有重要意义。本文就实验室检测肠杆菌科细菌产碳青霉烯酶的研究方法进展作一综述。
1碳青霉烯酶检测概况
准确检测肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药性是筛选产酶菌株的关键,常见的检测方法包括表型检测方法、分子学检测方法、质谱检测方法及免疫检测方法。临床微生物实验室通常通过药物敏感试验来确定菌株是否有碳青霉烯酶产生,其检测方法主要为最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定法及纸片扩散法。当MIC值升高或抑菌环直径缩小到一定范围,则提示分离菌株为可疑的CRE菌株。也可根据美国临床实验室标准化协会(NCCLS)制定的碳青霉烯类抗生素折点来判断,但因其耗时长、对某些存在膜孔蛋白缺失及高产AmpC酶的菌株易产生假阳性结果、对碳青霉烯类药物水解能力弱的菌株可能产生假阴性等因素,使得产酶株与非产酶株药敏结果会出现部分重叠。因此,需要通过实验室进一步检测以确定菌株是否产生了碳青霉烯酶。
4其他檢测方法
4.1质谱检测方法 自2011年发展基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF/MS)用于碳青酶烯酶检测以来[24,25],该项检测技术已成为微生物属和物种检测的成熟平台,在临床微生物实验室中鉴定和应用也越来越普遍。其在碳青霉烯酶快速鉴定中主要发挥水解作用,具体操作步骤是将细菌培养物与碳青霉烯类抗生素共同孵育,随后进行离心,取上清液进行质谱分析。该方法的敏感性和特异性分别在77%~100%和94%~100%之间,4 h内可以完成。Hrabák J等[26]对质谱检测方法进行了改良,推荐在缓冲液中增加碳酸氢盐,可以使OXA-48型的检出率明显提高(不影响其他酶型的检出,敏感性提高到98%)。但使用MALDI-TOF法检测碳青霉烯酶是需要使用与MALDI-TOF配套的仪器设置,而不是使用一般食品药品监督管理局(FDA)认证的微生物鉴定技术。因此,该测试目前仅对这些系统的专家用户可用,且需要内部验证,其临床影响目前可以忽略不计。但随着碳青霉烯酶检测手段的日益开发和普及,其可能在将来对碳青霉烯酶的检测发挥作用。
4.2免疫层析方法 免疫层析方法是一种以抗体为基础用于检测碳青霉烯酶的方法。对于OXA-48-like及变异体OXA-181型,OXA-204型,OXA-232型的检测表现出了良好的检测性能。但是对广谱头孢菌素敏感,碳青霉烯类耐药的OXA-163型或OXA-405型的菌株检测不出来。有报道指出[27],免疫层析方法操作简单,可以在几分钟之内快速及准确从培养物中鉴定OXA-48及KPC型的菌株,其阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别可达100%和92.3%,且不受培养基种类的影响,但需要增加接种量来提高某些型别的检出率,尤其是KPC-6、KPC-7、KPC-8及KPC-11型别的菌株。目前,免疫层析方法只能针对目标酶型进行检测,抗体成本高,存在局限性。
5总结
随着碳青霉类抗生素的广泛应用,耐碳青霉烯类抗生素的肠杆菌科菌株逐渐增加,其耐药机制主要是产生碳青霉烯酶。碳青霉烯酶的检测方法主要有改良Hodge试验、Carba NP实验、CIM实验、分子学检测方法、质谱检测、免疫层析方法。不同的方法各自有优缺点,改良Hodge试验对金属酶的检测性能差,尤其是NDM型产酶菌株;Carba NP试验为生化反应,需要特殊试剂,操作繁琐;分子检测检测技术及免疫学方法分别只能对已知存在的碳青霉烯酶基因及目标酶型进行检测;全基因组测序可对未知基因组序列进行测序,但因其人员技术及仪器设备要求高,限制其发展。MALDI-TOF/MS作为新型的检测手段开始用于细菌耐药方面的研究,对于CRE的检测主要依据碳青霉烯药物的水解,对具体的酶类型无法分辨,如果能对酶类型进行检测,将会有更大的应用空间。免疫学方法同样只能针对目标酶型进行检测,抗体成本高,存在一定局限性。
目前,CLSI推荐将mCIM作为肠杆菌科细菌的筛选方法,建议在mCIM中使用CLSI折点来确定结果,此方法试验操作简单,步骤少,其试验结果易于解释,而且不受菌龄、药敏纸片以及细菌是否产生黏液影响,在大多常规实验室都可以开展,且培养时间中等,至少需要6 h或者过夜。相信随着临床微生物实验室相关数据的不断积累和方法学的进一步提高,此方法将成为检测CRE的基础方法。
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