王颖杰 薛道路 焦岚轶 廖国强 齐东迁
Abstract:Compared with traditional cascade H bridge topology, cascaded U-Cell topology of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) has few switch devices, low loss and good economic value. However, cascaded U-Cell also exists the problem of unbalanced capacitor voltage, which affects the system reliable operation in severe cases. A mathematical model of cascaded U-Cell is built for this problem, and the principle of capacitor charging and phase-capacitor voltage balance are analyzed in detail. Based on this, a control strategy combining redundant switching states rotation and active voltage vector superimposed by switching state is put forward in the paper, of which is extended to arbitrary odd number level. This strategy can make the device loss more uniform, achieved the balance of the capacitor voltage in the cascade U-Cell, and improve the reliability of the system. Finally, the simulation and experiment platforms of STATCOM based on five-level cascaded U-Cell topology are built to verify the correctness of the theory and control strategy.
Keywords:cascaded U-Cell;STATCOM;redundant switch state;switch state rotation;active voltage vector
0 引 言
無功功率补偿是电力系统的重要组成部分,能够校正功率因数,改善电压调整率,提高系统动静态稳定性[1]。无功功率补偿常用的拓扑是级联H桥[2-3]。级联U-Cell结构是在级联H桥结构的基础上改进所得,输出相同电平数时,级联U-Cell可以使用更少的开关器件,且其通态损耗比级联H桥少很多,因此总损耗明显降低[4]。
级联U-Cell中直流侧电压均衡控制直接关系到变流器交流侧输出波形质量和变流器的动态响应速度[5]。目前级联U-Cell电压均衡控制方法主要有以下两种[6]:一种是调整变换器输出电压和相电压相位差;另一种是脉冲轮换调制算法。文献[4]通过改变电网相电压和变换器输出电压之间的相位差实现无功补偿,此种方法可以稳定直流电压但未能实现电容电压的均衡。文献[6]采用脉冲轮换的调制策略,在两个调制波周期轮换对电容充放电。因为轮换周期较长,所以并未完全实现相内电容平衡控制,同时此种方法只适用于五电平级联U-Cell,普适性较差。
级联U-Cell每个模块为二端口,这与级联H桥一端口模块相比,相内电容电压平衡控制相对较复杂。本文从开关状态轮换的SPWM调制算法和基于开关状态叠加有功电压矢量控制策略入手,分别解决由拓扑本身造成电容电压不平衡,和各U-Cell单元损耗差异等造成的电容电压不平衡问题。首先,建立五电平级联U-Cell电容充电数学模型,从数学公式推导出开关状态轮换的SPWM调制算法实现相内电容电压平衡的可行性,使器件损耗更均匀化。其次,根据开关状态叠加相应有功电压矢量到调制波,调整电容充放电时间,从而进一步解决相内电容电压不平衡的问题。采用零序电压注入法解决相间电压不平衡问题。最后通过仿真和实验进行验证。
1 级联U-Cell拓扑结构及数学模型
1.1 级联U-Cell的拓扑结构
级联U-Cell是在级联H桥拓扑基础上进行的一些改进,改进过程如图1所示。
在级联H桥中,子模块由一个电容和4个开关管组成,多个子模块构成了级联H桥,且对应位置的开关管满足开通关断互补的关系。在级联U-Cell结构中,子模块有一个电容和两个开关管构成,且相邻两个模块中的电容极性相反。半模块中只有开关管,同样在对应位置的开关管需要开通关断互补。
4 结 论
在输出相同电平数的情况下,级联U-Cell STATCOM拓扑结构使用更少的开关器件,降低了器件损耗,提高了补偿效率,具有一定的研究意义。冗余开关状态轮换的调制策略不仅解决了直流侧电容电压不平衡,使得器件损耗更均匀化,开关状态叠加有功电压矢量解决了因器件实际损耗差异等原因造成的不平衡,调制和控制的双重调控,较好提高了系统的可靠性和稳定性。本文进行了仿真和试验验证,结果表明该方法控制效果良好,该方法是有效和可行的。
参 考 文 献:
[1] 赵成勇,李丹,等.含有STATCOM的高压直流输电系统控制方法[J].高电压技术,2014,40(7):2440.
ZHAO Chengyong,LI Dan,et al.Control method of high voltage direct current transmission system containing STATCOM[J].High Voltage Technology,2014,40(7):2440.
[2] BETZ R E,SUMMERS T,FURNEY T.Symmetry compensation using a H-bridge multilevel STATCOM with zero sequence injection[C]//Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Forty-First IAS Annual Meeting,Tampa,FL,2006.
[3] SONG W,HUANG A Q.Fault-tolerant design and control strategy for cascaded H-Bridge multilevel converter-based STATCOM[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2010,57(8):2700.
[4] SAU S,FERNANDES B G.Cascaded U-Cell multilevel converter for STATCOM applications[C]//2015 17th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications,Geneva,2015.
[5] 王志冰,于坤山,周孝信,等.H橋级联多电平变流器的直流母线电压平衡控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2012,32(6):56.
WANG Zhibong,YU Kunshan,ZHOU Xiaoxin,et al.DC bus voltage balance control strategy of H bridge cascaded multilevel converter[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2012,32(6):56.
[6] BALIKCI A,AKPINAR E.A three-phase four-wire statcom with reduced number of switches for unbalanced loads[C]//10th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission,Birmingham,2012.
[7] BALIKCI A,AKPINAR E.A novel multilevel converter used for three phase STATCOM under unbalanced load[C]//International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics and Electromotion, Joint Conference,Istanbul,2011.
[8] 杨擎.H桥级联型STATCOM直流侧电压平衡策略研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2015.
[9] 唐剑波.STATCOM控制策略与可靠性研究[D].徐州:中国矿业大学,2015.
[10] 徐榕,于泳,杨荣峰,等.H桥级联STATCOM直流侧电容电压平衡控制方法[J].电力自动化设备,2015,35(5):15.
XU Rong,YU Yong,YANG Rongfeng,et al.H bridge cascaded STATCOM DC side capacitor voltage balance control method[J].Electric Power Automation Equipment.2015, 35(5):15.
[11] 田铭兴, 阎宏, 赵雨欣,等.级联H桥SVG直流侧电容电压平衡控制方法[J]. 电网技术, 2013, 37(9):2632.
TIAN Mingxing,YAN Hong,ZHAO Yuxin,et al.A balancing control method of DC capacitor voltage for cascaded H-Bridge SVG[J].Power System Technology.2013, 37(9):2632.
[12] 王松,谈龙成,李耀华,等.链式星型STATCOM补偿不平衡负载的控制策略[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(27):20.
WANG Song,TAN Longcheng,LI Yaohua.Control strategy for unbalanced load compensation of chain like STATCOM[J].Proceedings of the CSEE.2013,33(27):20.
[13] QIANG S,WENHUA L.Control of a cascade STATCOM with star configuration under unbalanced conditions[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,2009,24(1):45.
[14] LEE T C,CHEN C H,WANG W C,et al.A flexible DC voltage balancing control based on the power flow management for star-connected cascaded H-bridge converter[J].IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2016, 52(6): 4946.
[15] SUMMERS J T,BETZ E R,MIRZAEVA G.Phase leg voltage balancing of a cascaded H-Bridge converter based STATCOM using zero sequence injection[C]//13th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications,Barcelona,2009.
[16] 季振东,赵剑锋,孙毅超,等.零序和负序电压注入的级联型并网逆变器直流侧电压平衡控制[J].中国电机工程学报,2013, 33(21):9.
JI Zhendong,ZHAO Jianfeng,SUN Yichao,et al.DC voltage balancing control for cascaded grid-connected inverters by injecting zero-sequence and negative-sequence voltages[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(21):9.
(编辑:贾志超)