Effects of Sowing Time Density and Fertilizer Application on the Economic Characters of Zhuoyou 058

Hua WANG Fuwen KE Hailin WANG Yao ZHAO

Abstract In order to study the high yield cultivation techniques of Zhuoyou 058， the single factor test design method was applied to study the effects of sowing time， density， and fertilizer application on plant traits， yield traits and yield. The results showed that with the delay of sowing， the plant height and the first branch height decreased， the whole growth period was shortened， and the yield was the highest at 197.50 kg/666.7 m2 in the treatment of sowing on October 1， so the most suitable sowing date should be before October 9. With the increase of the planting density， the plant height and the first branch height increased， the yield traits  decreased  significantly， and lodging occurred. The yield per unit area was the highest at 201.44 kg/666.7 m2 under the density of 12 000 plants/666.7 m2， and the lowest at 155.47 kg/666.7 m2 under the density of 6 000 plants/666.7 m2. Therefore， the best density was 9 000-15 000 plants/666.7 m2. As the fertilizing  amount  increased， the plant height， the first branch height， the number of effective branches and the number of effect pods all increased， and the yield was  the highest  at 194.93 kg/666.7 m2 under the fertilizing amount of 50 kg/666.7 m2， and the lowest at 135.16 kg/666.7 m2 under the fertilizing amount of  30 kg/666.7 m2.  The gross profit was the highest at 854.20 yuan/666.7 m2 under the density of 12 000 plants/666.7 m2， and the second highest at 836.65  yuan/666.7 m2  under the fertilizing amount of 50 kg/666.7 m2. The best fertilizing amount should be 40-50 kg/666.7 m2 in cultivation.

Key words Zhuoyou 058; Sowing time; Density; Fertilizer; Yield

Zhuoyou 058 is a new rape variety with high oil content developed by Guizhou Zhuohao Agricultural Science and Technology Co.， Ltd. from the nuclear sterile line U33A and the restorer line X6 1. It participated in the regional trial of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin in 2010-2012， during which it showed the characteristics of high and stable yield， high oil production and early maturity. In 2013， it passed the regional trial and was examined and approved under the authorized No.： Guoshenyou 2013021[2]. In 2014， "New Hybrid Rape Variety Zhuoyou 058 Breeding and Demonstration and Promotion" was included in the Key Project of Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation in Guizhou Province， and was included in the Support Project of Ministry of Science and Technology in 2015. In order to study the high yield cultivation techniques of rape variety Zhuoyou 058[1]， the effects of sowing date， density and fertilizing amount on the yield and traits of Zhuoyou 058 were studied in the Scientific Research Test Base of Guizhou Zhuohao Agricultural Science and Technology Co.， Ltd. in 2015-2016. The best cultivation technology model explored in this study can be combined with the previous research results to formulate the high yield cultivation technical regulations[3-8]， so as to provide a theoretical basis for the large scale promotion and application of Zhuoyou 058.

Experimental design

Sowing date test

Such five sowing date treatments as B 1 （sowing on September 23）， B 2 （October 1）， B 3 （October 9）， B 4 （October 17）， and B 5 （October 25） were designed with two replicates. Each plot had a length of 6 m， including eight rows， of which the row spacing was 0.5 m. The area of each plot was 24 m2. The test adopted random arrangement， and the plant density was 14 000 plants/666.7 m2. As to fertilization， 45% （15∶15∶15） compound fertilizer was applied at a rate of 35 kg/666.7 m2 as the base fertilizer; and urea was applied at a total rate of 20 kg/666.7m2 by topdressing at the early seedling stage， late seedling stage and finally for overwintering， 3 times at the ratio of 3∶5∶2. Before the harvesting， 20 plants were collected from the middle two rows of each plot of one replicate for indoor examination， and whole plots were harvested for the recording of the yield.

Density test

Such five densities as M 1 （6 000 plants/666.7 m2）， M 2  （9 000 plants/666.7 m2） ， M 3 （12 000 plants/666.7 m2）， M 4 （15 000 plants/666.7 m2） and M 5 （18 000 plants/666.7 m2） were set with two replicates. Each plot had a length of 6 m， including eight rows， of which the row spacing was 0.5 m. The area of each plot was  24 m2.  The test adopted random arrangement. Seeding was performed on October 10， with 45% （15∶15∶15） compound fertilizer 35 kg/666.7 m2 as the base fertilizer， and  urea  was applied at a total rate of 20 kg/666.7 m2 by topdressing at the early seedling stage， late seedling stage and finally for overwintering， 3 times at the ratio of 3∶5∶2. Before the harvesting， 20 plants were collected from the middle two rows of each plot of one replicate for indoor examination， and whole plots were harvested for the recording of the yield.

Fertilization test

Such five fertilizing amount treatments as F 1 （30 kg/666.7m2）， F 2 （40 kg/666.7 m2）， F 3 （50 kg /666.7 m2）， F 4 （60 kg/666.7 m2） and F 5 （70 kg/666.7 m2） were set with two replicates. Specifically， 60% of the fertilizing amount was 45% compound fertilizer， which was used as the base fertilizer， and 40% of the fertilizing amount was urea， which was applied as the early seedling fertilizer， the late seedling fertilizer and the overwintering fertilizer according the ratio of 3∶5∶2， 3 times in total. Each plot had a length of 6 m， including eight rows， of which the row spacing was 0.5 m. The area of each plot was 24 m2. The treatments were in random arrangement. The seeds were sown on October 10; and before the harvesting， 20 plants were collected from the middle two rows of each plot of one replicate for indoor examination， and whole plots were harvested for the recording of the yield.

Experimental results

Growth period performance of Zhuoyou 058 under different sowing date

The sowing period was from September 23 to October 25; the emergence period was from September 28 and October 30 （4-5 d after sowing）; the initial flowering period was from March 6 to March 31; the maturity date was from May 6 to May 24; and the total growth period was from 206 and 221 d. The first sowing date led to the longest growth period of 221 d， and the fifth sowing date gave the shortest growth period of 206 d （with the postponing of the sowing date， the whole growing period became shorter， as shown in Table 1）.

Effects of sowing date， density and fertilizing amount on plant traits

With the postponing of the sowing time， the plant height decreased， which was the highest at 181.2 cm under the second sowing date， and the lowest at 162.7 cm under the fifth sowing date. The first branch height was the highest at 52.1 cm under the first sowing date， and the lowest at 48.3 cm under the fourth sowing date. The length of the main inflorescence was the longest at  79.5 cm  under the first sowing date and the shortest at 59.5 cm under the fifth sowing date. As the planting density increased， the plant height and the first branch height increased， while the main inflorescence length and the number of effective branches decreased. Specifically， the plant height increased from 171.4 cm at 6 000 plants/666.7 m2 to 198.3 cm at 18 000 plants/666.7 m2; the first branch height increased from 39.4 cm at the lowest density to 76.1 cm at the highest density; and the main inflorescence was 89.8 cm at the lowest density， and only 55.4 cm at the highest density. With the increase of the fertilizing amount， the plant height， the first branch height， the number of effective branches and the main inflorescence length all increased （Table 2）， and under the highest fertilizing amount， the values were up to  202.4 cm ， 57.4 cm， 5.3 branches and 77.2 cm， respectively.

Economic traits， yield performance and gross profit analysis according to sowing date， density and fertilizing amount

Economic trait performance

The effective pods did not change obviously within the suitable sowing period. When the sowing date was October 17 and later， the number of effective pods per plant， the number of seeds per pod and the 1 000 seed weight decreased significantly， the maximum values of the number of effective pods per plant， the 1 000 seed weight and the number of seeds per pod were 180.6 pods， 3.95 g and 22.1 seeds， respectively. With the increase of the planting density， the number of effective pods per plant， the number of seeds per pod and the 1 000 grain weight all decreased significantly， and the number of effective pods and the number of seeds per pod were 295.4 pods and 22.3 seeds at the lowest density， respectively. With the increase of the fertilizing  amount ， the number of effective pods increased， and the number of seeds per pod and 1 000 grain weight gradually increased at first and then decreased. Specifically， when the fertilizing amount reached 60 kg/666.7 m2， the number of seeds per pod decreased significantly; the 1000 grain weight was the highest at  3.91 g   under  the fertilizing amount of 60 kg/666.7 m2; the number of  effective  pods per plant was the highest at 225.8 pods under  60 kg/666.7 m2;  and the number of seeds per pod was the highest at 22.1 seeds under 50 kg/666.7 m2.

Yield performance and gross profit analysis

With the postponing of the sowing time， the yield decreased. The yield of the second sowing date was 197.50 kg/666.7 m2， ranking the first， followed by the first （186.74 kg/666.7 m2） and third sowing dates （181.23 kg/666.7 m2）， which ranked the second and third， respectively， and the fifth sowing date gave the lowest yield of  142.06 kg/666.7 m2  （Table 3）. The gross profit ranged from 557.30 to 834.5 yuan/666.7 m2， with the highest value in the treatment of sowing on October 1 and the lowest value in the treatment of sowing on October 23.

With the increase of the planting density， the yield per unit area increased from 155.47kg/666.7m2 at the density of 6 000 plants/666.7 m2， to 201.44 kg/666.7 m2 which was the highest at 12 000 plants/666.7 m2， and then decreased to 188.23 kg/666.7 m2 at 15 000 plants/666.7 m2， and to 171.58 kg/666.7 m2 at  18 000  plants/666.7 m2， ranking fourth. The gross profit ranged from 624.35 to 854.20 yuan/666.7 m2， with the highest value at the density of 12 000 plants/666.7 m2 and the lowest value at the density of 6 000 plants/666.7 m2.

With the variation of the fertilizing amount， the yield was 194.93kg/666.7 m2 at the application rate of 50 kg/666.7 m2， ranking the first， 173.82 kg/666.7 m2 at the application rate of  60 kg/666.7m2，  ranking the second， and 168.58 kg/666.7 m2 at the fertilizing amount of 40 kg/666.7 m2， ranked the third， and the fertilizing amount of 30 kg/666.7 m2 produced the lowest value at 135.16 kg/666.7 m2. The gross profit was in the range of  593.00-836.65  yuan/666.7 m2， the highest in treatment F 3， the second highest in treatment F 2 （Table 3）， and the third in  treatment  F 4. The most economical fertilizing amount was 40-50 kg/666.7 m2.

Number of effective pods175.20179.40180.60167.70142.10295.40243.80196.70165.90121.50142.30165.70194.20225.80199.70

Number of seeds per pod 22.1021.5019.7017.6015.5022.3021.8020.1018.6016.4016.2018.5022.1020.8018.10

1 000 seed weight∥g3.953.843.753.683.613.893.823.713.683.653.733.783.873.913.81

Plot yield∥kg6.777.166.576.015.155.606.677.256.786.184.876.077.026.265.75

Yield per unit∥kg/666.7m2 186.74197.50181.23165.77142.06155.47182.25201.44188.23171.58135.16168.58194.93173.92159.75

Rank of yield 213455312453124

Gross profit∥yuan/666.7 m2780.70834.50753.15675.85557.30624.35758.25854.20788.15704.90593.00732.50836.65704.00605.55

Gross profit=Seed yield kg×5 yuan/kg-（Amount of compound fertilizer kg×3 yuan/kg + Amount of urea kg×2.4 yuan/kg）.

Effects of sowing date， density and fertilizing amount on resistance

During the sowing date test， no lodging occurred in each sowing date treatment， and sclerotinia rot also occurred very lightly. However， when the planting density was equal to or larger than  15 000 plants/666.7 m2 ， lodging occurred， with the lodging rate increasing from 6.5% to 25.9%， and the sclerotinia rot gradually aggravated from grade 1 to grade 3， affecting grain filling and maturity. When the fertilizing amount was equal to or larger than  60 kg/666.7 m2 ， lodging occurred and became more serious， and the sclerotinia rot reached grade 3 or higher （Table 4） and was of grade 5 at the fertilizing  amount  of 70 kg/666.7 m2， posing a significant impact on the yield.

Conclusions and Discussion

The sowing date started from September 23 to October 25; the mature period of Zhuoyou 058 was between May 6 and May 24; and the whole growth period ranged from 206 to 221 d. With the postponing of the sowing time， the whole growth period was shortened. The plant height was the highest in the second sowing date treatment， and the lowest in the fifth sowing date treatment; and the yield decreased with the delay of sowing， and was the highest at 197.50 kg/666.7 m2 in the second sowing date treatment and the second and third highest at 186.74 and 181.23 kg/666.7 m2 in the first and third treatments， respectively. The most suitable sowing date should be on October 9 and before， and in case of delayed sowing， yield could be improved by increasing the density or fertilizing amount.

With the increase of the planting density， the plant height and the first branch height increased， while the number of effective branches， the number of effective pods per plant， the number of seeds per pod and the 1 000 grain weight decreased significantly. When the density was equal to or larger than 15 000 plants/666.7 m2，

lodging occurred， and the disease level of sclerotinia rot gradually increased， thereby affecting grain filling and maturity. As to yield， the yield was the highest at 201.44 kg/666.7 m2 under  the density  of 12 000 plants/666.7 m2， and decreased to 188.23 kg/666.7 m2 at 15 000 plants/666.7m2， and the lowest value was 155.47 kg/666.7 m2 under the density of 6 000 plants/666.7 m2， so the optimal planting density was in the range of 9 000-15 000 plants/666.7 m2.

With the fertilizing amount increasing， the plant height， the first branch height， the number of effective branches and the number of effective pods all increased， but when the fertilizing amount reached 60 kg/666.7 m2 or more， the number of seeds per pod decreased， lodging occurred and gradually became serious， and the sclerotinia rot disease reached grade 3-5. The 1 000 seed weight was the highest at 3.91 g under the fertilizing amount of  60  kg/666.7 m2，   and the yield was the highest at 194.93 kg/666.7 m2 under 50 kg/666.7 m2 and the lowest at 135.16 kg/666.7 m2 under 30 kg/666.7 m2. The gross profit ranged from 593.00 to 836.65 yuan/666.7 m2， and was the highest at the fertilizing  amount  of 50 kg/666.7 m2， the second highest at the application rate of  40 kg/666.7 m2.  In production practice， the best fertilizing  amount  was in the range of 40-50 kg/666.7 m2.

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