分子表型对乳癌放疗后预后影响的研究进展

2019-09-10 07:22黄文植何林吕杨宋玉华
青岛大学学报(医学版) 2019年5期
关键词:计算机辅助乳腺肿瘤综述

黄文植 何林 吕杨 宋玉华

[摘要]放疗能降低肿瘤的复发风险、延长癌症病人的生存时间和提高乳癌的保乳手术率。随着精准放疗技术的进步,人们认识到放疗对不同分子分型乳癌的治疗效果存在差异,表现为人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)过表达型乳癌和三阴性乳癌比Luminal A型乳癌具有较高的疾病复发率和较短的生存期,这与它们之间不同的侵袭性、恶性程度和放射敏感性有关。在HER2过表达型乳癌中,核因子κB蛋白能触发HER2与其启动子结合,从而导致HER2过表达;此外,上皮细胞间质转化的诱导和Fak介导通路的调节都是该型乳癌放射敏感性低的原因。相比而言,Luminal A型乳癌的放射敏感性较高,二甲双胍通过增加活性氧和硫氧还蛋白系统的表达、尼妥珠单抗通过降低表皮生长因子受体的磷酸化水平,诱导细胞凋亡和产生γ-H2AX组蛋白变体,而进一步提高该型乳癌的放射敏感性。

[关键词]放射疗法,计算机辅助;乳腺肿瘤;辐射耐受性;综述

[中图分类号]R737.9

[文献标志码]A

[文章编号] 2096-5532(2019)05-0619-05

doi:10.11712/jms201905029

[开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]

放疗是乳癌治疗的重要措施之一,广泛应用于保乳手术和全乳切除术的病人。然而大部分病人都不可避免会受放疗毒性的困扰,包括疲劳、毛细血管扩张、血管肉瘤、皮肤红斑以及皮肤表面损伤等[1-3]。根据雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)的表达状态,可将乳癌分为Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER2过表达型和三阴性乳癌(TNBC)[4]。有研究表明,部分分子亚型的乳癌具有放射拮抗性,它们很难从额外的放疗剂量中获益[5],提示这些分子分型的乳癌可能存在放疗的剂量效益梯度。不同亚型的乳癌需要制定个体化的放疗方案,以便获得最好的治疗效果和最小的放疗毒性。本文对不同分子分型乳癌放疗预后和其放射敏感性研究进展进行综述。

1 不同分子分型乳癌的放疗预后

两项随机试验(BCRR试验[5]和DBCG-82b试验[6])结果显示,放疗联合化疗可将乳癌的局部区域复发(LRR)率和死亡率分别下降23%~33%和9%~29%。这些结果对放疗在乳癌中的临床应用产生了深远的指导意义。乳癌病人接受系统性治疗后的疾病复发中位时间可能是2~4年,也可能推迟到5~8年[7-9],原因是由于不同分子分型乳癌之间的肿瘤生物学特性存在差异。有研究表明,HER2过表达型乳癌和TNBC的肿瘤复发率是Luminal型乳癌的2~3倍,而且它们的肿瘤侵袭性相对更强,存活率相对较低[10-12]。TNBC病人在开始发病的2~3年内发生远处转移(DM)的风险显著高于其他分子亚型乳癌,所以其预后最差[13]。为了探讨放疗对不同分子亚型乳癌的治疗效果是否相同,MAO等[14]从METABRIC和TCGA数据库中分别收集了1 974例和971例乳癌病人的数据,来比较不同分子分型乳癌放疗后的生存情况。对METABRIC数据库中的病例分析发现,放疗显著延长了Luminal A型乳癌的总生存期(OS),但没有延长Luminal B型乳癌、HER2过表达型乳癌以及TNBC病人的OS;对TCGA数据库的数据分析发现,放疗显著延长了TNBC病人的OS,并且有延长Luminal A型乳癌OS的趋势(P=0.053),但未改善Luminal B亚型和HER2过表达型乳癌的OS。最后他们将两个数据库的数据整合在一起进行汇总分析,结果显示放疗显著延长了Luminal A型乳癌和TNBC病人的OS。以上结果表明,放疗对不同分子亚型乳癌的治疗效果有显著的差异性。

在接受保乳手术的病人中,HER2过表达型乳癌(未使用曲妥珠单抗)和TNBC的LRR率明显高于Luminal 型乳癌[10,15]。2012年,一项纳入15项临床研究的Meta分析系统地评估了保乳手术和乳房切除术后不同分子亚型乳癌的LRR 率[16],结果表明,TNBC和HER2过表达型乳癌(未使用曲妥珠单抗)的LRR率是Luminal型乳癌的2倍以上。近年来,由于曲妥珠单抗的使用,HER2过表达型乳癌的LRR率已得到了明显的降低[17]。

但是TNBC由于缺乏有效的靶向药物,其LRR率依然较高,因此研发有效的TNBC靶向治疗药物十分必要。

传统的全乳照射(CWBI)是大多数有保乳资格和保乳意愿的早期乳癌(ESBC)和导管原位癌(DCIS)病人广泛采用的标准放疗模式,它能显著降低浸润性乳癌和非浸润性乳癌病人的局部复发风险[7,18-21]。目前,加速性部分乳房照射(APBI)由于具有相对较短的治疗时程、良好的局部控制[22]和较低的放疗毒性等优点,逐步成为CWBI的替代方案[23]。美国近距离治疗协会制定了APBI治疗乳癌病人的选择标准:①年龄≥45岁;②肿瘤直径≤3 cm;③淋巴结阴性;④淋巴管间隙非侵袭性;⑤所有侵袭性分子表型和DCIS;⑥外科手术切缘阴性[24]。

近年来,比较不同分子亚型乳癌接受APBI治疗的预后是一个热门的研究课题。2016年,BEN等[25]对 278例接受APBI的ESBC病人进行5年随访,结果显示,不同分子亚型乳癌之间的同侧乳腺肿瘤复发(IBTR)、局部复发(LR)、DM、局部淋巴结复发、OS、无病生存期(DFS)以及病因特异性生存期(CSS)差异均无统计学意义,认为分子亚型不是影响ESBC接受APBI预后的关键因素。PASHTAN等[26]对98例接受三维共形外束APBI的ESBC病人的预后进行多因素分析,结果显示TNBC是不利的5年IBTR的唯一影响因素。这两项研究结果不一致原因可能是因為后者中大多数TNBC病人都在放疗前接受了化疗,从而推迟放疗的开始时间所致。

有研究认为,50岁以上的乳癌病人接受APBI后,其中HER2过表达亚型的5年IBTR和5年区域淋巴结复发(RNR)风险都高于其他分子亚型乳癌病人,而Luminal A型乳癌的5年IBTR风险最低[27]。相似的结果在多导管APBI(mAPBI)[28]和单入导管APBI(sAPBI)[29]的临床试验中得到了进一步验证。在mAPBI试验中,HER2过表达状态与较短的DFS、CSS和OS有显著的相关性;在sAPBI试验中,HER2过表达型乳癌病人的5年IBTR和TNBC的5年RNR均明显高于Lumina A型乳癌。综上所述,接受APBI后,HER2过表达型乳癌和TNBC的临床预后都明显比Lumina A型乳癌要差。

在保乳手术后联合CWBI的早期研究中,50.0 Gy的辐射剂量通常以25个分割、2.0 Gy的单日剂量历时5周的时间来完成[20,30]。放射生物学模型研究表明,给予更大的单日剂量、历经更少分割次数的低分割全乳照射(HWBI)具有与CWBI相近的预后结果,可以将其作为CWBI的有效替代方案[31]。此外,HWBI还有实施更方便、费用更低廉、LR率更低和放疗毒性更少的优点[32-34]。2002年,一项随机对照试验将接受过保乳手术的腋窝淋巴结阴性乳癌病人1∶1随机分配到HWBI放疗模式组和CWBI放疗模式组,5年的随访结果显示两组病人的LR率相同(均为3%),同时反映放疗毒性的外观效果也相似[35]。考虑到放疗毒性会随着照射时间的延长而增加[36],因此大多数乳癌病人更倾向于接受HWBI。然而研究显示,HWBI在晚期乳癌病人中的疗效比不上CWBI,具体表现为接受HWBI的病人较接受CWBI病人的DFS要短、DM风险要高[37-38]。

既往一项包含752例老年乳癌病人(年龄≥65岁)接受HWBI放疗模式治疗的临床研究显示, TNBC的5年DFS显著低于其他分子亚型乳癌,但是不同分子分型乳癌之间的5年LRR却没有差异,单因素和多因素分析的结果均表明,HER2过表达型乳癌和TNBC的疾病复发均明显高于Luminal型乳癌[39]。因此,HWBI 在 Luminal型乳癌中的应用前景要比在HER2过表达型乳癌和 TNBC中好。

2 不同分子亚型乳癌内在的放射敏感性

电离辐射可直接激活肿瘤细胞中的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)家族,2.0 Gy的重复照射增强了EGFR在HER2过表达型乳癌中的表达,提示HER2过表达状态有影响放射敏感性的潜在生物学作用[40]。由于HER2过表达型乳癌的放射敏感性较低,接受全乳切除术联合术后放疗的病人普遍表现出较高的LRR率和较短的生存期[11,16,41-43]。许多研究正逐步揭示HER2过表达型乳癌低放射敏感性的确切机制。①核因子κB蛋白可启动HER2与其启动子结合,从而导致HER2过表达[44]。②HER2过表达型乳癌的低放射敏感性与其肿瘤干细胞有关,并可能通过上皮细胞的间质转化(EMT)诱导。因为在转移性的HER2过表达型乳癌肿瘤中可检测到一种名为β-连环链蛋白的物质,它是参与EMT过程的重要分子[45-49]。③Fak介导途径在调节HER2过表达型乳癌的放射拮抗中发挥着关键作用,抑制本途径可获得非常好的临床疗效[50-53]。

一些前临床研究和临床研究通过靶向治疗乳癌的EGFR,取得了良好的抗癌效果,并且副作用轻微[54-55]。下调EGFR活性及其下游的PI3K-AKT和RAS-MAPK信号通路会增加辐射诱导的细胞毒效应,从而抑制肿瘤的增殖、远处转移以及肿瘤血管生成[56-57]。尼妥珠单抗是IgG1的人源化单克隆抗体,能够阻断Luminal A亚型乳癌中EGF、TGF-α和其他配体与EGFR的结合[58],从而抑制DNA-PKCs的功能,增强该型乳癌的放射敏感性[59]。尼妥珠单抗引起的Luminal A型乳癌放射敏感性增加还与EGFR磷酸化水平降低、细胞凋亡的诱导及γ-H2AX组蛋白变体(辐射诱导的DNA解双螺旋的一个重要指标)生成有关[59]。

硫氧还蛋白系统(Trx)是控制细胞氧化还原调节的核心酶家族成员之一,能够影响放疗对肿瘤细胞的作用[60]。AMPK-FOXO3途径可以降低人原代主动脉内皮细胞参与氧化还原调节的活性氧簇(ROS)水平,二甲双胍可通过该途径来上调Luminal型乳癌中Trx的表达,并能激活AMPK和抑制mTOR,从而增强该型乳癌的放疗敏感性[61]。此外,二甲双胍还能显著延长患有糖尿病的Luminal亚型乳癌病人的CSS,但对TNBC无效[55]。究其原因是因为二甲双胍能改变Luminal A亚型乳癌的ROS水平和Trx的表達,但对于TNBC则没有这种作用[62]。

3 小结

无论乳癌病人选择何种放疗模式,其中以Lumina A亚型乳癌的治疗效果最好,而HER2过表达型乳癌和TNBC则相对较差。究其原因,除了后两种乳癌亚型具有更强的侵袭性和更高的恶性程度外,也与它们之间不同的放射敏感性有关。其中,HER2过表达型乳癌的放射敏感性比较低,而Lumina A型乳癌的放射敏感性较高。并且二甲双胍和尼妥珠单抗能进一步增加Luminal A型乳癌的放射敏感性。

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(本文編辑 黄建乡)

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