刘芳 刘小丹 姜松磊 庞宝兴
[摘要] 乳糜泻是一种由环境因素和遗传因素共同作用引起的自身免疫性胃肠道疾病,发病率呈上升趋势,多数乳糜泻病人首发表现为肠道外症状。牙釉质缺陷是乳糜泻最常见的肠道外症状之一,被列为乳糜泻的一个危险指征。本文对乳糜瀉与牙釉质缺陷关系的研究进行综述。
[关键词] 乳糜泻;牙釉质发育不全;麸质蛋白;肠道外症状
[中图分类号] R781.21;R597.8
[文献标志码] A
[文章编号] 2096-5532(2019)06-0753-04
doi:10.11712/jms201906030
[开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)]
乳糜泻是由环境因素(麸质蛋白)和遗传因素(LA和非HLA基因)共同作用引起的自身免疫性疾病[1-3],发病率呈上升趋势[4-5]。但是,乳糜泻的临床表现复杂多样[6],容易被延误诊断而引起诸多并发症[2,7]。牙釉质缺陷是乳糜泻病人最常见的口腔症状之一[8-11],可为儿童病人的先驱症状或唯一症状[12-13],容易被口腔医生首先发现[6,14-16]。北美儿科胃肠病学、肝病和营养学会(NASPGHAN)将特征性的牙釉质缺陷列为乳糜泻的一个危险指征[6,17]。本文就近年来关于乳糜泻与牙釉质缺陷关系的研究进行综述。
1 乳糜泻的临床特点
乳糜泻的发病机制尚不明确[2-4,18]。目前认为,乳糜泻是遗传易感人群因摄入麸质蛋白而引起的由T细胞介导的自身免疫性胃肠道疾病[2-4,19]。乳糜泻分为3种亚型[20]:①有症状乳糜泻,病人表现出典型的胃肠道症状如慢性腹泻、胃胀、腹痛、呕吐、体质量减低等,肠道外症状如骨质疏松或骨密度降低、贫血等;②无症状(静息型)乳糜泻,病人存在肠绒毛萎缩,但是无明显临床症状;③潜在型乳糜泻,血清学抗体阳性,但是小肠黏膜未出现自身免疫性损伤。
乳糜泻不仅影响成年人的健康,而且不同年龄段的儿童均可发病。WANG等[21]研究显示,儿童乳糜泻发病率较成年人更高,慢性腹泻儿童的乳糜泻患病率约11.9%,发病年龄多在3岁以内[22],但有的病人可能被延误至50多岁才被诊断[23]。有研究结果显示,75%~90%的乳糜泻病人未被诊断,其中以学生和家庭主妇居多[2,24]。乳糜泻延误诊断可能引起诸多并发症,特别是可能引起儿童身材矮小、青春期发育迟缓、低体质量、行为异常以及心理异常等并发症[2]。还有研究结果显示,约50%的乳糜泻病人临床症状不典型,常首先表现为肠道外症状,如以牙釉质缺陷为代表的口腔症状[4,25]。因此,研究乳糜泻与牙釉质缺陷的关系具有重要的意义。
2 乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的临床特点
20世纪70年代对乳糜泻与牙釉质缺陷关系的研究认为,乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的发病率明显高于健康人群[26]。NASPGHAN将特征性的牙釉质缺陷列为乳糜泻的一个危险指征[6,17],其用于乳糜泻诊断的特异度、灵敏度分别为76.7%和73.7%[27]。乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的患病率为9.52%~95.94%,不同研究患病率不同可能与研究对象、诊断标准、检测方法不同有关[4,10,17,28-29]。相关研究显示,乳糜泻儿童牙釉质缺陷的患病率显著高于健康儿童,好发于乳磨牙(45.1%),其次是乳切牙(31.7%)和乳尖牙(2.3%),并且乳牙列釉质缺陷的患病程度重于恒牙列[9,17,25-26,29]。乳糜泻牙釉质缺陷好发于牙冠的切1/3,其次是牙冠的中1/3[29]。乳糜泻病人的牙釉质缺陷具有高度的特征性[8-11],典型表现为牙釉质出现点隙、窝沟以及牙釉质全部缺失等;患牙对称分布在上下牙列的4个象限;患牙与牙齿萌出顺序相关,病变出现在摄入麸质之后矿化的牙釉质[6,10]。非典型的患牙表现为牙釉质变色、浑浊或发育不全,非对称分布在上下颌的同一牙位,不具有牙齿萌出顺序分布的特点[6,10-11]。然而,PROCACCINI等[30]却认为乳糜泻未增加病人牙釉质缺陷的患病率。
AINE等[31]将乳糜泻病人的牙釉质缺陷分为4度:Ⅰ度,单一或多个乳膏、黄色或褐色阴影有清晰或模糊的边界,牙釉质的一部分可能缺乏透明度;Ⅱ度,轻微的结构性牙釉质缺陷,粗糙的表面伴有横沟状或点窝状缺陷,牙釉质颜色和透明度改变;Ⅲ度,牙釉质结构缺陷明显,部分表面粗糙,有不同深度的深沟槽,或有深的垂直凹坑,不同颜色的牙釉质浑浊;Ⅳ度,严重的结构缺陷,牙齿的形状改变,尖牙的牙尖呈现尖锐状和(或)切牙的切缘不均匀的萎缩变薄和粗糙。DE CARVALHO等[17]对52名乳糜泻儿童和52名对照儿童进行牙釉质缺陷的检查,结果显示乳糜泻儿童Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度的牙釉质缺陷比例显著高于对照组儿童,而Ⅳ度牙釉质缺陷比例显著低于对照组儿童。EI-HODHOD等[6]对140名牙釉质缺陷的儿童和720名年龄、性别匹配的正常对照儿童研究显示,牙釉质缺陷儿童的乳糜泻患病率(17.86%)显著高于对照组儿童(0.97%)。乳糜泻病儿的牙釉质缺陷可以为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ度,而非乳糜泻病儿主要为Ⅰ度。接受1年无麸质饮食治疗的牙釉质缺陷儿童牙釉质缺陷改善情况优于未接受无麸质饮食治疗者,因此,强烈建议对牙釉质缺陷的儿童进行乳糜泻筛查。但是,FUCHS等[2]认为乳糜泻儿童的恒牙釉质发育缺陷是永久性的,严格无麸质饮食也无法改变。
3 乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的发病机制
早在20世纪70年代就有研究认为乳糜泻病人的牙釉质缺陷患病率高于健康人群,但是其发生具体机制尚不明确[7,18,25-28]。人类牙釉质的形成受分子水平的复杂调控,涉及数以千计的基因,需要经历细胞分化、细胞外基质形成和分化、细胞的迁移和附着、离子调节、蛋白质移动以及微环境调节等多个阶段,是一个高度复杂的过程[29]。在牙釉质发育过程中基因和基因产物、蛋白质、矿物质以及调控过程的异常均可能引起牙釉质缺陷[32-34]。目前,关于乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷发病机制的假说主要有营养障碍、免疫反应、遗传因素等[6,10,26,35-43]。
3.1 营养障碍
低钙血症、维生素D缺乏是未经治疗乳糜泻病人的常见表现,与肠道吸收不良有关[39-42,44-45]。有学者认为,低钙血症是乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的根本病因[6,10,12]。BRAMANTI等[25]選取50名患乳糜泻的儿童、21名潜在患乳糜泻的儿童和54名健康对照组儿童研究发现,3组儿童牙釉质缺陷的患病率分别为48%、19%、0,差异有统计学意义,认为乳糜泻病儿的牙釉质缺陷与组织损伤和小肠黏膜萎缩引起的营养吸收障碍有关。NIKIFORUK等[42]选取82名意大利乳糜泻儿童与189名健康儿童研究显示,乳糜泻儿童牙釉质缺陷的患病率(28.0%)显著高于健康对照组儿童(14.8%),认为乳糜泻儿童肠道吸收障碍引起低钙血症,进而引起牙釉质缺陷。此外,维生素D缺乏亦可引起牙釉质缺陷,并且已经被动物实验所证实[44]。ZEROFSKY等[46]对就诊于奥克兰儿童医院儿童研究中心的14名佝偻病儿童和11名健康对照儿童研究显示,维生素D缺乏性佝偻病儿童的牙釉质缺陷患病率更高。但是,WIERINK等[47]选取53名乳糜泻儿童和28名健康对照组儿童研究发现,虽然乳糜泻病儿牙釉质缺陷的数量多于对照组儿童,但是对照组儿童同样存在肠道吸收不良的情况,因而尚不能确定低钙血症是乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的病因。MARILD等[48]研究认为,乳糜泻病人的牙釉质缺陷与维生素缺乏无相关性。因此,尚不确定牙釉质缺陷是乳糜泻的直接表现,还是乳糜泻引起吸收不良的间接影响结果[6,8,49]。
3.2 免疫学病因
已有研究显示,乳糜泻病人的牙釉质缺陷发病存在免疫学因素[13,47,50-51]。MUNOZ等[50]基于麸质蛋白(醇溶蛋白)和富含脯氨酸的釉质蛋白(釉原蛋白和成釉蛋白)存在共同抗原表位的假说,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)和蛋白质印迹法分析乳糜泻病人血清对醇溶蛋白和牙釉质源性肽的反应性,结果显示醇溶蛋白和牙釉质源肽的特异性抗体之间存在交叉反应,认为血清抗醇溶蛋白参与了未治疗乳糜泻儿童牙釉质缺陷的发病。PETRONIJEVIC等[51]采用ELISA检测乳糜泻儿童(n=75)和对照组儿童(n=24)的血液样本,分析IgA和IgG对釉原蛋白和醇溶蛋白的免疫反应。结果显示,乳糜泻儿童的血清抗釉原蛋白IgA水平显著高于对照组儿童,并且仅最严重乳糜泻儿童的血清抗醇溶蛋白IgG水平高于对照组儿童;IgA和IgG对釉基质蛋白的釉原蛋白特异性带和分子量22 000的重组人釉原蛋白发生免疫反应。交叉抑制研究表明,抗釉原蛋白免疫反应不仅是由抗醇溶蛋白交叉反应引起的,还包括对釉原蛋白的选择性免疫反应。此外,研究结果也显示部分对照组儿童存在类似于乳糜泻儿童的高水平抗釉原蛋白IgA和IgG。因此推测,抗釉原蛋白IgA和IgG不仅参与乳糜泻相关牙釉质缺陷的发病,而且可能干扰非乳糜泻儿童的牙釉质成熟。SONORA等[13]通过研究与人类牙齿发育具有高度同源性的猪牙胚组织模型发现,乳糜泻动物血清对醇溶蛋白肽和釉基质蛋白提取物均有较高的IgG反应性,并且胎牙发育过程中IgG可以通过胎盘转运,但是对组织无IgG反应性,因而推测抗醇溶蛋白、抗釉原蛋白等免疫反应参与乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的发病。
3.3 遗传学病因
MACHO等[10,52]研究认为,乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的发病存在遗传学病因。乳糜泻具有明显的遗传性,与特定的人类白细胞抗原(HLA)Ⅱ类等位基因相关[28,53],在所有HLA编码的抗原中,90%的乳糜泻病人携带HLADQB1*0201等位基因(DQ2抗原),其余则携带HLA-DQB1*0302等位基因(DQ8抗原)[54]。ERRIU等[54]选取98名撒丁岛乳糜泻病人,进行至少1年的无麸质饮食,然后测定其HLA-DQB1单倍型。其研究结果显示,缺乏HLA-DQB1*02等位基因的乳糜泻病人容易患牙釉质缺陷,推测HLA-DQB1*02等位基因以剂量依赖性的方式影响口腔症状。HARDY等[55]选取HLA-DQ2.5纯合子阳性的3~17岁儿童42名研究显示,HLA-DQ2.5纯合子阳性的儿童存在更强的T细胞应答,推测特定的遗传条件导致机体对麸质蛋白产生特异的免疫应答[10,47]。但是,MAJORANA等[56]研究乳糜泻儿童的HLA-DR和-DQ等位基因和牙釉质缺陷的患病情况,其结果显示,乳糜泻儿童牙釉质缺陷的形成与HLA-DR和-DQ等位基因的表达之间缺乏相关性。
综上所述,乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的发病机制为特定的遗传易感性人群摄取麸质蛋白引起免疫反应,免疫产物作用于胃肠道引起营养吸收障碍,进而引起牙釉质缺陷;或免疫产物作用于釉原蛋白,影响牙釉质发育而形成缺陷;或二者兼有。目前,乳糜泻病人牙釉质缺陷的发病机制尚存在争议,可能需要从营养学、免疫学以及基因学等多方面进一步研究。儿童口腔医生应重视牙齿和口腔黏膜的检查,对于存在乳糜泻特征性牙釉质缺陷、潜在患有乳糜泻的儿童,提供相关的就诊建议[2,5,43,48,50]。
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