雅思作文审题（五）：一边倒的作文到底该怎么写

我们知道，雅思作文的写法可以千变万化，但最根本的两个结构是“一边倒”和“双边讨论”。在写作前的审题过程中，我们首先需要确定的就是到底采取哪一种结构，只有这个确定了，接下来才有可能写得顺畅自如。本期老雅先谈“一边倒”这种作文结构模式的基本样態、常见错误及其解决办法。

所谓“一边倒”，就是完全同意/反对题目中的观点，或者完全同意/反对题目中的A观点或B观点。比如，题目问：应该在餐馆吃饭还是在家吃饭？如果你的观点是100%应该在家吃饭，那你使用的结构就是“一边倒”。再如：人口过多引起了世界上绝大多数问题，你是否同意？如果你的观点是：没错，世界上绝大多数问题都是人口过多引起的。ok，那就是“一边倒”。

现在的问题是：什么时候适合用一边倒结构？用一边倒结构时该注意哪些问题？

老雅认为，不是所有题目都适合用一边倒结构。有些老师建议烤鸭只用一边倒结构，理由是这样写“观点更明确”。老雅完全理解这些老师的初衷。因为，很多学生缺乏思辨性的思维能力，如果强行让他们进行双边讨论，结果往往是丢失了自己的观点，从而造成“观点不明确”这样的重大错误，而一边倒的结构就能避免这样的错误出现，因为一边倒的确能够确保立场坚定、观点明确。然而，这里的问题是，立场坚定、观点明确不一定是好作文。杠精的立场也很坚定，观点也很明确，但我们不喜欢和杠精说话，也不喜欢读他们写的文章。为什么呢？因为杠精的文章多是“自说自话”，完全不去认真考虑别人的立场。我们喜欢读到的文章是“观点明确，言之成理”，这才是好作文的标志。

因此，有些题目是适合一边倒结构的，有些题目是不适合的。老雅的基本判断是：当你决定用一边倒结构，然后发现对方观点其实也有明显可取之处时，就最好不要用一边倒。即使你非要用一边倒，那也得用某种方式承认对方观点的合理性，要不然，考官就可能认为你是杠精：明明对方观点有明显的合理之处，你却视而不见，非要一边倒，这样的作文观点再突出，也不符合情理，因此难以得到高分。比如：有人认为看电视是孩子学习的有效方式，因此应该鼓励孩子看电视，你是否同意？一边倒的结构就是：不同意孩子看电视，理由很多（伤害身体、养成不良学习习惯等），或者同意孩子看电视，理由也很多（生动形象、获取各种知识等）。两种一边倒都可做到“观点明确”，但我们自己写的时候心里都是发毛的：难道真的要无节操地同意孩子看电视吗？难道看电视真的一无是处吗？在这种情况下，用一边倒结构导致的基本是失败，因为你只写了一面，没有写出另一面，你的结论是没有说服力的，这一点你很清楚，考官比你更清楚。那如果用双边讨论呢？我们首先承认看电视可以帮助孩子学习，然后写看电视有很多坏处和局限，最后给出结论：可以让孩子通过看电视学习，但学校和家长应该给孩子看电视设定限制，而不是鼓励他们看电视。这样，通过合理的分析，得出了自己鲜明的结论。这个结论与一边倒的结论相比，同样鲜明，但合理得多。

在可以使用一边倒的作文中，我们要注意以下两点：

第一，在论证自己支持的观点时，不要忘记去证伪你不支持的观点。比如：有人认为应该和外星人联系，但有人认为这样做很危险，请给出你自己的观点。就这个题目，很多同学用一边倒，即必须和外星人联系，理由很多（学习其先进技术、为未来的人类找到安身之所等），然后就结论说必须联系外星人。这个一边倒观点很明确，然而却忘记了对题目中的“危险论”作出反应。在一边倒的结构下，我们应该批驳“危险论”，认为和外星人联系根本不会有危险，即使有危险，为了未来，我们也值得去冒这个险。这样，批驳反方观点，来强化自己支持的观点。这个一边倒是建立在对反方观点的有效批驳上，因此就显得比较合理。

第二，在一边倒的结构中，如果发现对方的观点也有不少合理之处，一定要加以承认（但不需要详细论述），然后再转折回来论证并强调自己的“一边倒”观点更加合理。这样的写作才会让考官觉得，你的论点是建立在考虑过对方立场的基础上的，因而是更有说服力的。

总结一下：（1）一边倒的结构在雅思作文中其实很少见，多数作文题目中的观点不是那么明显正确或错误的，而是都有一定的合理性;（2）即使使用一边倒，也要认真对待对方观点，要么批驳它，要么承认它，这样才是对题目观点的充分反映，也才是更合理的论说方式。

以下，我们来看两篇雅思范文，它们均采用了一边倒的结构。

范文一

【题目】In many countries women are able to join the armed forces on the equal basis as men. However， some people think only men should be members of the army， navy and air force. To what extent do you agree or disagree？ （2016/05/19）

【思路分析】 对于女性能否参军这一问题，我们的态度无非有如下三种：（1）女性不能参军，只有男性可以参军;（2）女性完全可以参军;（3）部分同意，部分不同意，女性可以参军，但在军队里从事的工作应该与男性不同。如果我们选择论述观点（1）或（2），我们就是在“一边倒”。本范文论述了观点（1），即女性不适合参军。值得注意的是，在单方面论证女性不适合参军后，本文在最后一段对女性对国家安全的贡献也给予了肯定，这样，本文的“女性不适合参军”的观点就显得更加合情合理，而不是一根筋了。

Just 100 years ago， women serving in the armed forces was basically unheard of， yet now in many countries， women are able to join the armed forces as easily as men. Not afraid of the accusation of being prejudiced or even male chauvinistic， I strongly believe that men and only men should be members of the army， navy and air forces.

In the first place， being a soldier is extremely demanding physically. With very few exceptions， women are not possibly able to withstand the long hours of military exercises and drills. For example， soldiers are sometimes required to remain exposed to the strong sunlight or the heavy storms hours after hours， or to walk many miles with heavy things carried with them. This means a soldier must possess great strength， stamina and endurance. While I am not willing to say that all women are lacking in these qualities， I am pretty sure that most women are not physically fit to become a soldier. In addition， joining the army， navy or air forces means you have to injure or even kill people. This is emotionally unacceptable to most women because they are the ones who do not like that much blood shedding.

Furthermore， if a woman plans to join the armed forces， she will have to tackle a number of other social issues. For instance， her parents may have strong objections to this choice of hers， because with a daughter in the army， they may be met with inquiring and doubtful eye from their neighbors and friends. It was for this reason that my cousin sister had to give up her dream of becoming a soldier. Even if a woman does become an army member， she will have to learn to face a world full of the opposite sex. She may feel completely at odds with the rules and disciplines which are designed predominantly for men.

To conclude， physically， emotionally and socially speaking， women are not supposed to serve in the armed forces. However， this does not mean that women do not have their share of responsibility to protect their country. As an advocate of “labor distribution” theory， I think women can help the men soldiers by taking care of their parents， children， and the family， and this is as important as serving in the army themselves.

范文二

【题目】Many people say that cooking and eating at home is better for the individual and the family than eating out in restaurants and canteens. Do you agree or disagree？

【思路分析】本题有两个对立的观点：在家吃饭vs去餐馆吃饭。我们的观点可能有以下三种：（1）在家吃饭;（2）在餐馆吃饭;（3）各有好处。如果選择论述观点（1）或（2），就是采用一边倒结构。本范文论述的观点是“应该在家吃饭”，并提出了三个理由。值得大家学习的是，在一边倒地论述“应该在家吃饭”这一观点时，范文没有忘记驳斥“在餐馆吃饭”，这让“应该在家吃饭”这一观点显得更加具有说服力。

Everyone has to eat. The question is， where to eat？ You may cook and eat at home， or just eat out in restaurants or canteens. My personal opinion is that eating at home is better for the individual and the family than eating out.

First， it has no doubt that cooking and eating at home can save a lot of money. Generally， the cost of eating in restaurants is much higher than eating at home. By cooking at home， you don’t have to pay the labor fee for the chef， and don’t have to pay tips to the waiter. What you have to do is just a little hand operation and a little time. From supermarkets， you can buy cheap vegetables and meat， which may cost only 10 percent of the same food in a restaurant. Sometimes， you can get cheaper food in discount time. Especially， a big family may enjoy the method， as the monthly cost would be less.

Second， you can freely select your favorite food to cook. A restaurant cannot always provide you with delicious food. The taste of food in restaurants is usually designed for the public， which is not suitable for a particular guest. If you miss the taste of your mum’s soup， it’s not likely to find the same one in a restaurant. In this case， the best choice is to cook by yourself， to reproduce your mum’s food to the best you can.

Finally， it’s obvious that eating at home is more healthy and clean. You don’t know whether it’s dirty in the restaurants， and also you don’t know whether the food is fresh. But by cooking at home， you can know everything about the cooking materials. Moreover， it’s easy to control the usage of fat and oil， unless you don’t care to become too fat.

In brief， I believe that eating at home is healthy and clean. If people want to save money， eating at home is also a good choice. In addition， people can cook what they like as well. So I personally prefer eating at home.

[與老雅继续交流，请加微信公众号ieltswriting4u（唐老雅英语写作工作室）]