黎陈 陈指龙 范秀军 杨青
摘要:胎盘是妊娠过程中形成的暂时性的特异器官,它在母体和胎儿间起着重要的桥梁作用。滋养层细胞具有类似于肿瘤细胞迁移和浸润的能力,作为胎盘组织的主要组成细胞之一,在胚胎植入、胎盘的形成和发育等许多生理过程中发挥着重要的作用,但同时也是多种毒素和病原微生物入侵时的靶细胞。滋养细胞侵入过度将导致绒毛膜癌等疾病的发生,浸润不足则可能造成流产、子痫前期等妊娠期疾病。目前,诸多研究表明在胎盘形成过程中,有许多分子和信号通路参与对其滋养层细胞的调控,但滋养层细胞迁移与浸润的具体机制尚不完全明确。本文对人滋养层细胞侵袭力分子调节机制进行了系统论述,旨在为研究病理性妊娠的发生、发展过程提供参考。
关键词:人滋养层细胞;细胞迁移;细胞浸润;胎盘
中图分类号:R714.2 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.13.008
文章编号:1006-1959(2019)13-0021-04
Abstract:The placenta is a temporary specific organ formed during pregnancy, which plays an important role as a bridge between the mother and the fetus. Trophoblast cells have the ability to migrate and infiltrate tumor cells. As one of the main components of placental tissue, trophoblast cells play an important role in many physiological processes such as embryo implantation, placental formation and development, but also a variety of Target cells when toxins and pathogenic microorganisms invade. Invasion of trophoblasts will lead to diseases such as choriocarcinoma. Insufficient infiltration may cause diseases such as abortion and pre-eclampsia. At present, many studies have shown that many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of trophoblast cells during placental formation, but the specific mechanism of trophoblast cell migration and infiltration is not completely clear. In this paper, the molecular regulation mechanism of human trophoblast cell invasiveness is systematically discussed, which is helpful to study the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy.
Key words:Human trophoblast cells;Cell migration;Cell infiltration;Placenta
胎盤(placenta)是妊娠期间母体与胎儿进行气体交换、营养供给和代谢产物排除的重要器官,人滋养细胞是其功能的主要承担者,其不仅是人类胎盘的主要细胞之一,也是与母体蜕膜及其免疫活性细胞唯一接触的胚胎细胞,外界因素主要通过此途径影响胎儿的正常生长发育。细胞迁移与浸润是生命体重要的基本功能,在肿瘤转移和正常组织器官的生长发育中都起着关键作用。人滋养层细胞对胎儿与母体之间的密切联系至关重要,滋养层细胞具体的侵入机制目前仍不清楚,但众多机体内的分子、环境因素、药物等均可对滋养细胞的迁移和浸润产生影响,深入研究其作用及调节机制可以更加深刻地了解多种妊娠疾病的发生和发展过程。本文对人滋养层细胞侵袭力分子调节机制作一综述,现报道如下。
1人滋养层细胞
在人类正常的妊娠过程中,滋养层细胞具有固定胎盘和胎儿的作用,其可分化成具有类似肿瘤细胞的高侵袭能力的绒毛外滋养层细胞,可侵入子宫肌层,协助胎盘重铸血管,为胎儿发育提供必需的营养物质和氧气[1]。但不同于肿瘤细胞,滋养细胞的侵袭是一种正常的、适度的生理行为,其受到母体的严格调控,具有时间性和空间性。浸润行为在妊娠过程中仅持续至第5个月,并仅浸润到子宫肌层的1/3处,以实现对母体子宫螺旋动脉进行改建并将胎儿锚定于母体子宫上[2]。当滋养层细胞暴露于一定的毒性威胁下,细胞侵袭能力可能发生改变[3,4]。目前研究发现,滋养层细胞增殖能力异常、细胞凋亡增加,致使细胞浸润能力不足,从而导致的胎盘功能障碍是子痫前期发生的病理学基础[5-7]。滋养层细胞功能异常可导致宫内生长受限、妊娠期高血压、自然流产、早产和绒毛膜癌等妊娠相关疾病[8]。具体滋养层细胞分类见图1。
3.6 Rho GTPases Rho GTPases是Rho家族中的具有GTP酶活性的蛋白,其中研究最為详细的3个成员是RhoA,Rac1和Cdc42,它通过控制细胞骨架的重组、微丝的组装从而在细胞迁移过程中起到了关键的作用[28]。在人类胚胎滋养层细胞的体外实验中发现,使用Rac1抑制剂或siRNA降低Rac1的表达可减弱HTR8/SVneo细胞的迁移能力。此外,Rac1和Cdc42在前列腺素介导的人类滋养细胞的迁移中也起关键作用[29]。
3.7金属基质蛋白酶 细胞对ECM和基膜的降解重塑是侵袭和转移过程的一个重要环节,可通过激活蛋白酶导致细胞外基质酶的降解发挥重要作用。突破基膜是细胞浸润的关键步骤。MMP是一组Ca2+、Zn2+依赖性内肽酶,它可通过蛋白水解作用降解ECM和基膜从而促进细胞的侵袭和转移。目前,已发现20多种人MMP,而MMP2和MMP9及其抑制物金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂被认为在人滋养层细胞的侵袭及转移中起重要的作用[30]。实验表明,药物抑制或siRNA介导的MMP2/9基因敲除可减少滋养层细胞侵袭[31]。尾型同源盒基因1可以通过抑制MMP9的表达来限制HTR8/SVneo滋养层细胞的侵袭[32]。Chang WL等[33]研究发现,胎盘特异性蛋白1能促进人滋养层细胞的迁移和浸润,其部分机制可能是由MMP9分泌导致。另外有研究发现,子痫前期患者可通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,上调MMP2和MMP9的表达,从而调节滋养层细胞的浸润[34]。在滋养层细胞中,许多因子和MMP都有着紧密的联系,研究表明,IL-11、KLF8等均可通过影响MMP的表达影响HTR8/SVneo细胞的迁移和浸润[35,36]。
4 总结
目前,在许多妊娠疾病中滋养层细胞的迁移和浸润影响着妊娠结局,随着诸多生物标志物被发现,这些生物标志物与正常人滋养层细胞迁移与浸润的机制密不可分,但其中的具体作用及问题亟待解决。人滋养层细胞作为胎盘组织中最重要的细胞之一,Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/Akt、MAPKs、自噬、FAK、Rho GTPases和金属基质蛋白酶等众多信号通路和分子都将参与并影响人滋养层细胞的侵袭。通过研究人滋养层细胞迁移和浸润的机制有助于进一步阐明其具体的生理现象,同时也为许多妊娠疾病的诊断和药物开发提供更多新的思路。
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收稿日期:2019-3-19;修回日期:2019-3-29
編辑/杜帆