关于几种特殊的让步状语从句引导词的归纳

內容摘要：文章主要研究分析了美国当代英语语料库中上百条例句，对部分特殊的让步状语从句引导词的具体使用情况尽可能详尽地归纳总结，对于英语学习者在具体使用某个引导词时，因语境特殊或使用频率不高而可能出现的疑虑进行例句解释，并对相关用法进行了概括与梳理。

关键词：Whatever等引导词 让步状语从句 结构用法

  一.Whatever做让步状语从句的情况：

（一）whatever 做让步状语从句后面常引导的句子结构：

1.Whatever+主语+谓语：（这里所指的主谓结构，即以主语+谓语为基础的基本结构，根据具体情况，可用SV，SVO，SVC等基本句型，下文提到的主谓结构皆是如此）

①Whatever abstract logic may suggest，…[1]

②Whatever the line is， it needs to be drawn by Congress.

注意，在第一种结构中，有时会在主语后面加一个主谓结构做定语，修饰用做主语的名词，例如：

③"... all communities， of whatever nature they may be are impelled by a secret instinct towards independence.

在这种结构中whatever相当于是其后面名词的前置修饰语，表示后面被修饰名词的一种属性或状态。

此外，在第一种结构中，还有一种非常见特殊情况，如下面例句④：

④whatever be the reasons for it， we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.[i]

在第④例句中，原形be的这种用法，是古英语的残存，be放在了主语the reasons之前。关于该让步状语从句，现代英语可以这样表达：

⑴Whatever the reasons for it（are）

⑵Whatever the reasons for it（may be）

⑶Whatever the reasons for it（will be）

⑷Whatever the reasons for it（为了简练，上面三个括号中的斜体部分，可以全部省略）

2.Whatever+谓语：（例句①-③谓语主要为实义动词，例句④-⑦则以be动词结构为主）[1]

①The law is whatever makes the best sense of the relevant legal materials.

②The law is either （a） whatever satisfies the criteria that officials treat as providing the necessary and sufficient conditions of making…

③some to the avenues of speech or to swell the aggregate amount of speech beyond whatever would result from the decisions of private speakers enjoying " absolute freedom from First Amendment…

④Whatever are you talking about

⑤And all the graphics or whatever are just so silly，….

⑥…or whatever are disrupted， they dont always change the same…

⑦Whatever are still figuring out，…

3.Whatever+名词：

①…for which"neither reporter nor source is immune from conviction for such conduct， whatever the impact on the flow of news. "

②Whatever the setting， humor tailored to the occasion can be highly effective.

4.Whatever+不定式+that从句

①Though the arresting officer "had no other reason whatever to suppose that the suspect might be armed，"…

（二）Whatever 做让步状语从句前面常用的引导词归纳总结：

当whatever 做让步状语从句时，前面的引导词通常与“whatever”后面所接名词紧密相关，如下面例句⑴①中source表示“起源”，若要表示“从…中起源时”，常与“from”搭配

⑴from：

①"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes， from whatever source derived， without apportionment among the several States，

⑵along with：

①…levels after the competition， including any preparation done before the competition， along with whatever the student learned during the preparation for the CDC.

⑶in：

①recruits would not receive in law school.30 Rather than immediately immersing the new recruit in whatever specialized area of the law the firm currently needed，同理，該例句中in明显是与其后面的area搭配，表示“在…的领域中

⑷of

①of the corporate legal market， law firms could pass most of the cost of whatever resources they did invest in training junior associates on to their clients.

⑸to

①in order to follow the remainder of the argument：to whatever extent doctrines are problematically parochial in the aggregate，

一般extent常接to，如“to some extent”，表示在“某种程度上”，此句中“whatever”相当于做“extent”的定语，用于修饰extent

⑹on

①As a result， they argued Congress had sweeping authority to remake the Confederacy on whatever plan it saw fit.

  二.笔者认为no matter what 与whatever 在用法结构上极为相似，基本上可分为以下几种结构：

1.no matter what+主语+谓语：

①Afterwards Broadbent， perhaps realizing that everyone is going to watch this no matter what he says，…

与whatever 类似，在第一种结构中，no matter what修饰名词时，该名词必须紧随其后，后面同样为“主+谓”结构，例如：

②Girls will continue to scrape their knees forever， no matter what name people call them.

③Buffalo WomenServices， the providers will be there for patients no matter what decision they make about their pregnancies.

2.no matter what+谓语：

①No matter what happens， they're still going to be a player.

3.no matter what+名词：

①I'll make all appearances no matter what the circumstances，…

4.与whatever有所不同的是，no matter what可以单独使用，并在后面加上完整的句子且用逗号隔开，例如：

①No matter what， I'm going to get better today.

  三.No matter how的用法：

No matter how与No matter what同样也有共通之处，只不过因为疑问词的不同，其后分别所搭配的词性也就有所不同。前面已经提到，no matter what 最常用的结构是no matter what +名词+主谓结构;类似地，no matter how最常用的结构则是no matter how+形容词/副词+主谓结构

1.no matter how +形容词/副词+主谓结构：

①But no matter how good he is at 14，…

②Congress cannot delegate rulemaking authority to private parties no matter how carefully it specifies an intelligible principle.

注意：在此类结构中，no matter how常加many， much， often等这类固定搭配词，后面加主谓结构，例如：

③No matter how often we repeat our favorite platitudes， …

④No matter how much I wish he would go away.

⑤And it's a quality that no matter how many pleasing interviews she does and how many twisted defenses she can offer，…

⑥No matter how many times we straighten it out， it keeps curling back.

⑦…，no matter how many people voted for it.

略有不同的是，no matter how加many时，many后通常会带有所修饰的名词，后面依然通常为主谓结构，如上述⑤⑥句。有时则据实际情况，many后面的名词即为主谓结构中的主语，如上述⑦句。

2.no matter how+主谓结构：

①No matter how she does it，…

  四.however 做让步状语从句时，也同理。主要结构同No matter how 相似，主要有两种：

1.however+形容词/副词+主谓结构：[2]

①She has the window open， however cold it is outside.

②However carefully I explained， she still didnt understand.

2.however+主谓结构

①However you look at it， its going to cost a lot.

  五.whether做让步状语从句的情况：[3]

1.由whether引导让步状语从句时，一方面其可以引导句子，另一方面也常与“or”或“or not”进行搭配，也可以称这类从句為选择性让步从句（alternative conditional---concessive clause）

例如：①You are entitled to a free gift whether you accept our offer of insurance or not.

②Im going whether you like it or not.

③Whether or not were successful， we can be sure that we did our best.

2.为了强调，有时whether前也可用no matter.

例如：④No matter whether you agree or not， I shall pay him the price he asked.

⑤Rates are paid by the occupiers of houses or shops， no matter whether they are owners or not.

3、Whether 引导名词性分句时，该名词性分句可在句中作介词补足成分：

例如：①Vanyas experiences show that if someone can do their job really well， then the question of whether they are male or female is not important.

  六.If，though， lest， although 在让步状语从句中的特殊用法总结：

1.注：be- 型虚拟式能用于由 if， though， lest（正式）（表“以免”）等引导的分句中表示让步等含义。例如：[5]

If the rumor be true， everything is possible.

If he be found guilty， John shall have the right of appeal.

Though everyone （should） desert you， I will not.

Lest（注：在被连接的状语从句里常用should 或原形动词）表示“唯恐”;“免得”;“为了不使”：[2]

例如：①Lest the wall （should） collapse， they evacuated the building. （他们生怕墙倒塌，便撤离了大楼）

②The colonel forbade the use of artillery lest the citys industry be damaged.（上校禁止使用大炮，以免该城的工业遭受破坏。）

③Glenn， lest the reader has forgotten， was the first American astronaut to orbit in space. 提醒读者一下，格伦是第一个进入太空轨道的美国宇航员。

另外，lest 还有一种用法，即用于表示恐惧、担心、危险等词的后面，起连接从句的作用，相当于that：

例如：① I was in mortal fear lest he should see me. 我非常害怕他会看见我。

②We were afraid （或worried）Lest he should be late. 我们担心他会迟到。

（古英语，原意： whereby less that）

2.上述用法现在只限于正式书面语体，在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或用should/ may+ 不定式。

例如：①If the rumor is true， everything is possible.

②He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen.

③Whatever his defense may be， we cant tolerate his disloyalty.

④Though he should stand alone， he will never yield.

3.具体关于 though 和although[5]

⑴Though 与although 同义，在一般情况下可以互换使用。

例如：①Though/Although they know the war is lost， they continue to fight.（虽然他们知道这场战争已必败无疑，但仍继续战斗。）

⑵但although 比though 语气较重，常用以强调让步概念。

例如：①He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.

Though 能接受even 的强调，而although 不可以。

比如可以说：①He borrowed my mower， even though I told him not to.（他借走了我的割草机，虽然我叫他不要借。）

②I believe you are on duty---even though you are in plain clothes.（尽管你穿着便衣，我相信你是在值勤。）

却不可以说：”…even although I told him not to.” 或是”even although you are in plain clothes.”

⑶当让步分句指一种臆想的情况时，通常用though，而不用although.

例如：①Though they all may fail， they all will try.（即使他們可能都失败，他们仍然都愿意一试。）

⑷引导某些让步分句通常也只能用though， 而不用although.

例如：①Poor though she is， her life is happy.（她尽管穷，但生活很幸福。）

⑸再者，though可在非正式语体中作连接性状语，而although 不可以。

例如：though 一方面可用于主句后，引接补充说明，意思为“可是，不过，然而”

例①It wasnt entirely my decision， though I think that generally I agree with it.（这不完全是我的决定，不过我想我大体上是同意这一决定的。）

②She couldnt help thinking（though she couldnt be sure） that he did not trust her.她不能不认为（不过并不能确定）他不信任她。

③The rooms are small， though not unsuitable.（房间较小，然而并非不适宜。）

另一方面though 在口语体中时，一般用在句末，表示“可是，不过，然而”

例如：①Its hard work， I enjoy it though.（这工作很艰苦，可是我乐意干。）

②I cant stay. Ill have a coffee， though.（我不能多逗留，但可以喝杯咖啡再走。）

⑹另外，although也可以引导让步状语从句

例如①He passed the examination although he had been prevented by illness from studying.

  七.So long as 的两种用法总结

1.既然，由于：[2]

例如：①So long as you are going to town anyway， you can do something for me.既然你反正要进城去，不妨替我办一点事。

2.只要，如果：

例如：①You may use the book as you like， so long as you keep it clean.你尽管用这本书，只要不把它弄脏就行。

八.Even if和as引导让步状语从句的用法例句归纳

1.Even if（即使，纵然;虽然）

例如：①Ill come even if it rains. （即使天下雨我也会来的。）

②Even if you dislike ancient monuments， Warrick Castle is worth a visit.（纵然你不喜欢古迹，但瓦里克城堡还是值得一游的。）

2.as（虽然，尽管）

例如：①Sick as he was， he came to work.（他虽然有病，还是来上班了。）

②Boy as he was， he behaved like a girl.（他虽然是个男孩，举止却像女孩。）

③Try as you may， you will never succeed.（不管你怎样努力，你决不会成功。）

④Gently as her words were spoken， there was no mistaking that she was displeased.（尽管她的话说得很温和，但谁都看得出她生气了。）

  参考文献

[1]Mark Davies. Corpus of Contemporary American English [DB/OL].http：//corpus.byu.edu/coca/， 2018， 12.

[2]陆谷孙.英汉大词典[Z].上海译文出版社，2007.

[3]霍恩比.牛津高阶英汉双解词典[Z].北京：商务印书馆， 2012： 996.

[4]李增荣.有关让步状语从句的若干问题[J].杭州师范学院学报，1989：103- 104.

[5]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，2013.

（作者介绍：韩宇航，西南科技大学外国语学院在读学生）