长期以来,许多初中英语教师一直重视培养学生的英语阅读能力,但大多数教师的阅读教学仍以应试阅读训练为目的,并没有从提高学生获取信息能力的角度进行阅读教学,也没有对学生阅读习惯和阅读兴趣的培养给予足够的重视。把阅读策略科学、规范地应用到应用阅读教学活动中去,优化课堂教学模式,探索培养初中学生阅读理解能力新的途径。
教学反思是一个不断发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的过程,是教师专业化发展的重要途径。教学反思一直以来是教师提高个人业务水平的一种有效手段。现在很多教师都在从自己的教育实践中反观自己的得失,并通过教育案例、教育故事、或教育心得等来提高教学反思的质量。 通过实践与反思,教师有机整合学科知识和学科教学知识,加深对教育教学过程和学生学习过程的理解与认识,形成自主的专业发展意识和能力(王蔷,2012)。
阅读教学的二点反思:1.怎样做到快速流畅阅读(不受生词等干扰);2.如何化解概括文章主旨、理解作者观点和写作意圖的难点。例谈以下几个问题:
1.阅读教学过程中的问题设计。提问伴随教育而生,是课堂教学不可或缺的一种形式。问题的设计与教学目的、教学内容、教者对文本的理解、学生的个体差异关系密切。教者需要发挥教学机智,捕捉学生的思维“线索”,适时变换问题,并强化追问,调控学生的思维方向和自己的教学方向。
例如,9A Unit3 Reading的 Teenagers Problems 文章中列举了现代青少年所面临的种种烦恼,如having too much homework﹑not having enough sleep﹑not having close friends﹑cant get high scores in the exams ,此时可以问学生以下问题:What problems do you have? Do you have the same problem as Simon and Millie? 学生在阅读时会与文中主人公的思想产生共鸣,联想到自己的烦恼会倍感焦虑。如何帮助学生解决烦恼﹑减轻压力是文章真正含意所在。教师在学完整篇文章后及时提问:Can you give them some advice on how to achieve a balance between their schoolwork and their hobbies? 学生在教师的引导下列举出一些合理的建议,如Plan a day carefully﹑make a list of all the homework we have to do ﹑ask our parents or teachers for help等,从而更深层次地理解了文章的含意.
2.引导学生挖掘文本自身信息。
如:8B Unit 6 Reading Oxfam Trailwalker Paragraph 2: Whats Paragraph 2 mainly about?
Please use one word in Paragraph 2 to tell us Tough
Please find out the numbers that tell you it is a tough hike.
(1)finish walking a 100-kilometre trail wihin 48 hours (2)2 days and nights
(3)walk through 8 country parks (4) over 20 hills and mountains
3.概念图表在阅读教学中的运用。根据图式理论,教师要求学生在阅读文章的过程中构建起“图”的概念,更好地帮助学生理解﹑分析文章。概念图的基本教学步骤可以概括为“理清线索,列出概念——根据线索,排列概念——增关键词,细化概念”(章波勇,2010)。初中英语课文的体裁以记叙文为主,例如,9A Unit5的 Reading Hollywoods all-time best--Audrey Hepburn 一文为例,人物传记通常以年代顺序作为全文主线。因此,在阅读前,教师可以借助时间表帮助学生了解奥黛丽.赫本的一生,让学生在阅读文章前便理清文章的脉络。这样的教学方式可以避免出现因为生词的干扰而影响对文章整体把握的情况。In 1929→at a very young age→In 1951→shortly after→In 1989 →In 1991→In 1992→In 1993.学生在阅读完文章后,可以进一步细化,对某些有特殊意义的年代添加细节信息,有助于文本梳理。
4.破解阅读过程中的长句。
(1) 剔出从句单独理解。After leaving school, Hawking went first to Oxford University where he studied physics, then he went to Cambridge where he studied cosmology .
(2)以动词为线索,抛开语法直接理解。When a cup of tea is put on a tea table before you or sent to your hands, you will say “Thank you” and receive it with two hands, not one hand, or they will think you are ill-mannered .
(3)抓住关键词,弄清目络,按序理解。It can show politeness, reported speech and conditionals such as the First——probability——if I can come to your party, I will; the Second——improbability——if I saw you tomorrow, Id give you the book; and the Third——impossibility (meaning it is too late to change something that has happened)——if you have told me, I would have helped you.
(4)借助标点符号自身含义,帮助理解。I see such a difference in New York City, for example, from when I first moved here more than 20 years ago: people rushing into lifts without giving those inside a chance to get off first, never saying thank you when others hold a door open for them, or please when they want a classmate to hand them something.
破解长句方法:1.找谓语,定主语;提主干,去枝叶;寻关键,辨逻辑;看搭配,防分隔。2.抓住句子主干,再把句子中涉及的其它成分,如插入语、非谓语形式、各类从句摘出来。
教师应该根据学生已有的阅读能力,激发学生的阅读兴趣,教给学生适合其自身的阅读策略并辅以有效的课外阅读,使学生养成良好的阅读习惯,掌握正确的阅读方法。
【作者简介】张扣珍,扬州市江都区第二中学。