上下求索找信息,巧解完形填空题

2019-03-07 05:24陈东洁
广东教育·高中 2019年12期
关键词:考纲空格解析

陈东洁

完形填空给考生一篇被抽空的文章,要求考生从每题所给的4个选项中选出最佳选项,使补全后的短文意思通顺,前后连贯,结构完整。那么,如何在完形填空中获取高分呢?我们先从以下方面来探讨。

一、完形填空为何叫做Cloze

完形填空为什么称其为Cloze呢?请看不少学生在周测中选错的一个题目。

(2018年3月30日周测)When the boat dried, my kids took the boat and went on a fishing trip. When I returned and noticed they had taken the boat, I was desperate(感到绝望的)because I remembered that the boat had a hole. Imagine my _____ and joy when I saw them returning from fishing.

A. luckB. regretC. excitementD. relief

学生当时只看最后一个句子,找到关键词and,以为和joy并列,所以选C项。但如果这样就忽略了完型最重要的解题技巧——上下文语境。在上文中提到I was desperate because I remembered that the boat had a hole(我很绝望因为我记得这艘船有一个洞)。这是重要的语境,由此可知作者的感情变化,记得船有个洞后的伤心绝望,因此看到小孩安全归来后应该先是悬着的心终于放下来,如释重负,即relief,接着非常高兴(joy)。因此本题的正确答案是D项。

由上文的例子可知,为何完形填空叫Cloze:那是因为The blanks in the passage are closely related to the context(文章中的空格是和上下文语境密切联系的)。

二、考纲解读

研读考纲及2013--2019年高考英语全国卷的完形填空,可知其立意特点:把上下文语境理解放在第一位,词汇运用放在第二位,设空与语境联系更密切。

三、试题类型

近三年的完形填空的题目类型:上下文语境、上下文逻辑关系(承接、因果、转折、比较、对照、列举等)、词汇复现或同现(原词、同源、近义、上下义)、词语固定搭配、生活常识及文化背景。而在前三者的考查力度相当大。在20题中通过上下文语境来解题的通常占有14到19题不等,也就是说通过上下文来考虑的题目每年要占70%以上,最多达到95%。

四、备考启示

由Cloze的含义、考纲解读、近三年的完形填空的题目类型可知,想要在完形填空上拿高分,必须结合上下文语境,即上下求索。

五、上下求索

完形填空每一道题必有依据,考生需“上下求索找依据。如何求“索”,需“上下”,即上下文语境。

1. 上文语境

(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids entered“The Thinking Laboratory.”That was_______ the students voted for after deciding that “Room 104”was too dull.

A. nameB. ruleC. brandD. plan

解析:that是解题关键,提醒考生关注上文信息“The Thinking Laboratory”。 “那”是学生在觉得“教室104”这个名字太枯燥之后投票所取的名字。因此选A项。

2. 下文语境

(2016年四川卷)By the end of the first chapter, _______ were coming from the back seat:“Please read a little louder.”

A. decisionsB. requestsC. commentsD. promises

解析:什么从后面座位传来?即后文语境中的“Please read a little louder”,显然,这是一种requests(请求),所以选B项。

3. 上下文语境

(2017年全国Ⅰ卷)The story began during my first week at college. I watched as the ASL Club _______ their translation of a song. Both the hand movements and the very idea of communicating without speaking attracted me.

A. recordedB. performedC. recitedD. discussed

解析:空格处的上文有关键词watched(观看),下文有 “song(歌曲)”,思考:与观看、歌曲有关的会是什么?那只能是“表演”了,故选perform。

因此,完形填空的每一道题都有依据,考生须在上下文中寻找依据。有时候问题的答案只需要考虑句中或句外的上文、下文,但有时需综合考虑上下文。总结成口诀为:每一道题必有据,上下文中找依據。

六、句间逻辑关系

在上下文语境中,又常常需要考虑句间的逻辑关系。句间的主要逻辑关系有:并列关系(and, not only ... but also);转折关系(but, however, while, on the contrary);让步关系(although, though, while);因果关系(because, since, as, thus, so, thereore);条件关系(if, on condition that);递进关系(even, worse still, to make things worse);解释关系(破折号,冒号, that is to say);举例关系(for example, such as)等。

1. 并列关系。

(2014年全国Ⅰ卷) The world is full of ________stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones passing interest.

A. well-organized   B. colorfully-printed

C. newly-collected  D. half-filled

解析:由關键词and可知,空格前后是并列关系,又由并列项unfinished(未完成的)可知,选 half-filled(装满一半的),才相匹配。

2. 转折关系。

(2017年全国Ⅱ卷)I had advised the kids that while verbs (动词)may seem dull, most of the_________things they do throughout their lives will be verbs.

A. simpleB. uniqueC. funD. clever

解析:由关键词while(虽然,尽管)可知,所填词应和dull(枯燥的)相反,故选fun(有趣的)。

3. 递进关系。

(2013年课标Ⅰ卷)I tried to find a comfortable position and thought it might be restful, _________ kind of nice, to be pushed around for a while.

A. yetB. justC. stillD. even

解析:空前find a comfortable position和空后to be pushed around for a while构成了递进关系,甚至(even)稍好一点,被推一会,故选D项。

4. 解释关系。

(2017年天津卷)A seminar leader shared her_________story— she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised $ 25,000 for homeless children.

A. folkB. successC. adventureD. science

解析:破折号起解释说明的作用。所以解题依据看下个句子she had not only lost 125 pounds, but also raised $ 25,000 for homeless children(她不仅减了125磅,还为无家可归的儿童筹集了2.5万美元),可知分享的是成功(success)的故事。故选B项。

七、词语复现与同现

词语复现包括原词复现、近义词复现(如explore与search)、同源词复现(如ill与illness)、上下义词复现(如rose 是flower 的下义词,flower是rose的上义词)。

反义词同现(如wrong与right)、同词场同现(如ill,hospital,doctor, nurse, operation, medicine, patient..)等。如:

(2015年全国Ⅰ卷) In the store, I asked each of my kid to pick something they thought our“friend”there would appreciate. They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a      47     . ...

When we handed him the bag of      52     , he lit up and thanked us with      53     eyes. When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for whatever his family might need, he burst into tears.

47. A. dollarB. job    C. hot meal        D. gift card

52. A . toys B. medicine   C. food              D. clothes

53. A. sleepyB. watery      C. curious          D. sharp

解析:

47题原词复现,原词出现在下段中的When I handed him the gift card ...

52题上下义词复现,上文中的apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice与答案中的food是上下义词的关系。

53题近义词复现,空格句外的下文的tears与选项中的watery。

又如:

(2011年全国Ⅰ卷)After giving shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the ________ answer ...

A. readyB. possibleC. correctD. difficult

解析:本题为反义同现,由上文的wrong可知选correct。

“上下求索”找依据的解题技巧看似简单,但也只有在大量有意识地训练之后,才能熟能生巧,才能根植于我们的思维中,才能形成自觉运用的习惯,在解题中发挥最大效力,达到高分的目的。

责任编辑 蒋小青

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