“一带一路”语境下青瓷文化旅游语篇汉译英

金文丽

(浙江丽水学院，浙江 丽水 323000)

0 引 言

随着“一带一路”国家经济战略的推进，在实现贸易畅通、民心相通等方面，“越来越需要具备用恰当、准确的英语表述中国的立场、观点和中国的文化”，汉语转换为英语语言的重要性不言而喻。龙泉青瓷作为对外经济文化交流的世界性商品，曾在历史上参与并开拓了海上丝绸之路，是宋元明以来中国对外贸易的主角之一，其精湛的传统烧制技艺彰显了浙江文化的代表性，代表中国意境的龙泉青瓷，在积极参与国际性的文化交流中，如何让世界陶艺界关注并欣赏自古代丝绸之路到“一带一路”的龙泉青瓷文化，汉译英工作显得举足轻重又充满挑战。其难点表现为一些特色鲜明或新的景点名称及介绍尚缺乏规范译文，一些术语英译不够专业，一些涉及历史典故和民族风情的英译则缺失文化内涵等等。本文拟从语用学关联理论的视角对这些问题进行探讨，提出翻译时既要注重源语文化语境又要实现译文的最佳语用效果的对策，以期为正步入后非遗时代的青瓷文化参与国际交流、扩大国际影响力服务，为促进龙泉青瓷的国际化营销服务。

1 语用学关联论

应用翻译语用学视角下的关联理论（Relevance Theory）认为：译者必须采用各种翻译策略帮助读者找到原文与译文语境之间的最佳关联，达到最佳交际效果，格特[1]在阐述关联论与翻译关系时指出：译文要与译文读者产生充分的关联，即提供充分的语境效果，以使译者意图和读者期待相吻合。虽然语境效果并非确定关联的唯一因素[2]，但语境效果越大，话语关联性往往越强。该理论对应用翻译中的变译具有充分的解释力。变译是译者根据特定情况下特定读者的特殊要求，采用增、减、编、述、缩、并、改七种变通手段摄取原作有关内容的翻译活动[3]。从语用学理论来关照，变译就是最具广泛意义的语用翻译（translating the pragmatic implication of the original expression）。在关联论指导下，变译能以最佳的交际效果把中国特有的旅游文化资源传递给世界。诸多专家学者在这方面进行了撰文探讨，并取得了丰硕的研究成果。对翻译实践颇具指导作用，也为特色鲜明的文化旅游语篇英译提供了新的思路。以下结合青瓷文化旅游翻译实践，以龙泉青瓷文化具体景点及介绍语篇英译为例，通过关联论下具体的变译方法如扩充法、整编法、缩减法、替换法，分析其语用翻译效果。

2 青瓷文化旅游语篇的英译

2.1 龙泉窑大窑---金村遗址景点英译

目前，一些特色鲜明的龙泉青瓷文化景点名称及介绍如龙窑、曾芹记古窑坊，以及即将成为新景点的龙泉窑大窑---金村遗址等英译存在混乱迹象，尚缺乏统一。由于景点名称的语用含义主要体现在我国一些人文景点的实际人文内涵上，能否准确理解景点名并且把它译活，是再现这一景致和吸引游客的关键所在。所以在翻译中要遵循“注重源语文化语境的内容，追求文化信息相当、微妙又辩证的语用语言等效传达”的语用等效原则”[3]。同时，由于景点介绍往往隐含我国特有的历史文化信息，这些信息普遍存在于源语读者的认知语境中，而对于目的语读者则完全陌生。为了成功传递源语信息，译者需在一定程度上增加相关解释和细节，对源语进行适当变通和扩充。试以龙泉窑大窑---金村遗址景点英译为例。

作为获批中国海上丝绸之路申遗首批遗产点的“金村”，是译为Jincun village,Jin Village,还是Jincun pier，或是 the Jin Village Pier？通过实地考察，可知该村位于龙泉、庆元交界处，村子依山傍水，村民沿河而居，实际上是个长约150 米、宽约4 米的码头。正是从五代开始，金村的瓷器从此处运至大山外的世界，龙泉瓷器从那时起开始走向世界各地。这样一个具有独特历史背景的景点，若只译为Jin Village，或按专名+通名的模式译为Jincun village，均不足以体现其人文内涵，参照山东青岛的标志性景点“栈桥”（实际上也是一个码头）的英译Zhanqiao Pier[4]不妨译为Jincun Pier，较之the Jin Village Pier 显得简洁利落，完整地译出了“金村码头”这一名称，切合了语用含义的等效传达，即在词汇、语法、定义等语言学的不同层次上，以译文中最贴切而又最自然的对等语将内容表达出来。

此外，作为一个新景点，有必要对外传播更为丰富的文化信息。根据龙泉大窑金村遗址背景资料，主要内容有：

(1)这是瓯江上游第一个码头，距市区50 公里。古代的龙泉青瓷就是由此源源不断地运出，此地在北宋时非常繁华。由于金村附近有着丰富瓷土和森林资源，便于就地取材，五代时人们就开始在此烧制青瓷。可以说这里是龙泉青瓷生产的发源地。后来周边窑坊兴起，金村码头由此成为青瓷的集散地。据史料描述，当时窑群林立，烟火相望，江上运瓷船往返穿梭，日夜繁忙。(2)据说，一次非常大的洪水灾害冲毁了这码头，否则还很完整。始于五代的龙泉青瓷在南宋时发展最盛。这得益于当时开放的对外贸易，龙泉瓷经瓯江出海，运至日本、韩国、东南亚及阿拉伯诸国，成为中国与世界各国沟通联系的“友谊使者”。(3)龙泉瓷到明代中期逐渐衰落，然后停烧。明代成化、弘治年间后，海上贸易之路变为西方殖民者、海盗的侵略之路。因此明王朝实行海禁，青瓷外销量锐减，一时瓷窑纷纷关闭，盛极几个朝代的龙泉青瓷开始走向衰落，金村码头附近从此遗留下一百多处古窑遗址。——（摘自《浙江行》龙泉特刊）

对于如此丰富厚重的历史文化内涵，应当从跨文化角度进行信息交流和语际转换，向目的语读者准确传达原文中的文化信息，从而将原文景点名称中压缩的文化信息释放出来。从关联理论角度扩大译文读者的认知语境，充分领略金村码头的悠久历史和深厚文化，因此首先采用扩充法把该景点主要内容英译如下：

(1)This pier,50 km away from the downtown of Longquan,is the first pier on the Oujiang River and from here celadon products were continuously sent out in ancient times.This is the upper reach of the Oujiang River and the locals call it the Meixi Stream.It was a very prosperous place as the area around the Jin Village was rich in porcelain clay and forest,providing convenient materials.People began to fire celadon here as early as the Five Dynasties.Later with the rise of surrounding kiln workshops,the Jin Village Pier became a distributing centre of celadon.As described in historical books,back then there were numerous densely-located kilns giving out constant smoke and porcelain-carrying boats shuttle back and forth day and night over the river.

(2)According to Local elders,the pier was destroyed by a very large flood in 1958; otherwise,it would have been intact.Longquan celadon which started from the Five Dynasties period came to its prime in the southern Song Dynasty. Thanks to the open foreign trade of that time,Longquan celadon was sent overseas through the Oujiang River and sold to Japan,South Korea and Southeast–Asian and Arabian countries.

(3)In the middle of the Ming Dynasty,Longquan celadon gradually went down and finally the firing stopped.One reason was the maritime ban in the Ming Dynasty; the other was the rise of Jingdezhen porcelain.After the Chenghua and Hongzhi era of the Ming Dynasty,the maritime trade route gradually became the invasion route for western colonists and pirates.The Ming Dynasty implemented maritime ban and the foreign sales of celadon dropped dramatically.The porcelain kilns closed down one after another.Longquan celadon that had been prosperous for multiple dynasties began to go down.Around the Jin village Pier,over 100 ancient kiln sites were left.Among them,the Fengdongyan Site in Dayao Village is only 3 km away from the pier.

显然以上英译是根据原文文字编排，却未免有点层次模糊、信息堆砌，结构松散之感。为了便于目的语读者或旅游者的理解，在认知过程中寻找最佳关联性，获得足够语篇信息，有必要使译文轮廓更为分明，思路更为清晰。故通过整编法——归类、调整和合并将译文信息重新整理和编辑，以符合原作者的意图和目的语读者的心理期待。以下分别改用英文小标题逐一介绍龙泉窑大窑——金村遗址，凸显原文主要信息，也使译文浑然一体，层次清晰，结构紧凑。

Location

With the mountains on both sides,Jincun Pier,the first pier on the Oujiang River,is located in the southeast of Xiaomei Town in Longquan,50 km away from the downtown of Longquan.This is the upper reach of the Oujiang River and the locals call it the Meixi Stream.

Dimensions

In size,the pier is about 150 metres long and 4 metres wide.

The Historical Records

In ancient times,the pier was a very prosperous place as the area around the Jin Village was rich in porcelain clay and forest,providing convenient materials.It was from here that celadon products were continuously spread all over the world through the Maritime Silk Road.

People began to fire celadon here as early as the Five Dynasties.Later with the rise of surrounding kiln workshops,Jincun Pier became a distributing centre of celadon products.As described in historical books,back then there were numerous densely-located kilns giving out constant smoke and porcelain-carrying boats shuttle back and forth day and night over the river.Longquan celadon which started from the Five Dynasties period,came to its prime in the southern Song Dynasty.Thanks to the opening up of the foreign trade of that time,Longquan celadon wares were sent overseas through the Oujiang River and sold to Japan,South Korea and Southeast Asian and Arabian countries.In the middle of the Ming Dynasty,Longquan celadon gradually went down and finally the firing stopped.One reason was the maritime ban in the Ming Dynasty; the other was the rise of Jingdezhen porcelain.After the Chenghua and Hongzhi eras of the Ming Dynasty,the maritime trade route gradually became the invasion route for western colonists and pirates.Since the Ming Dynasty implemented maritime ban,the foreign sales of celadon products dropped dramatically.The porcelain kilns closed down one after another.

Longquan celadon that had been prosperous for multiple dynasties began to go down.Around the Jin village Pier,over 100 ancient kiln sites were left.Among them,the Fengdongyan Site in Dayao Village is only 3 km away from the pier.

在上述基础上补充有关金村的信息，原文：2016 年3 月，国家文物局正式明确了31 处“海丝”申遗首批遗产点，“龙泉窑大窑---金村遗址”位列其中。为此，龙泉市专门设立“一带一路办公室”，目前，“海丝申遗”项目已进入快速建设阶段，正在积极申报国家考古遗址公园，将成为继中国青瓷小镇后，又一个国际化青瓷文化高地。——（《处州晚报》2017 年5 月17 日）

并从语用学角度将该段增译如下：

The Present

In March 2016,China State Bureau of Cultural Relics declared 31 historical sites as applicants for the inclusion in the list of the “Belt and Road” cultural heritage sites. Jincun Pier in Longquan city was one of them.Full attention has been paid by the Longquan municipal government to the site and now it is under rapid construction as a project,with its application as one of the historical sites for being named a national park for international cultural exchange.

对源语内容的扩充达到了向目的语读者成功传递源语信息的目的。

2.2 青瓷小镇古“龙窑”的英译辨析

“龙窑”是译为long kiln,dragon kiln, 还是dragon-shaped kiln？若是译为Long kiln 则形同未译，“形似龙”这一生动意蕴的缺失会令西方读者感到陌生，从文化角度而言，虽然dragon“在英语中也是传说中的动物，但它有翅膀和尾巴，能喷火-----a large fierce animal with wings and a long tail,that can breathe out fire”常用作贬义，代表暴躁（fiery）、凶猛（cruelty）、残暴（ferocity）[5]。英语中的Dragon 和中国龙在形态和蕴义的不同似乎决定了不能用dragon 来翻译中国龙。但是，Dragon作为中华民族的图腾已为西方国家所公认，越来越多的西方民众，从审美角度接受了这个与西方文化语境下迥然不同的“龙”。因此不妨用异化法译为dragon，只是加了shaped 反而会弄巧成拙。因为根据陶瓷语汇的专业工艺特征，按窑炉形状可分为龙窑、圆包窑、方窑、阶梯窑和葫芦窑。龙窑一般建在较为平缓的山坡上，它头在下，尾在上，犹如一条向下俯冲的龙，因而称为龙窑[6]。故“龙”应按“龙的形状”语义译为dragon kiln[7]，进一步加注译为：A dragon kiln is usually built on a gentle slope with head below and tail above,so it’s called a dragon kiln.The old dragon kiln has a history of 170 years.It is usually 33 meters long and 1.8 meters wide with 22 kiln chambers.The kiln chambers line in steps.Each step represents a kiln chamber.In a dragon kiln,the firing lasts two or three days and nights with the one-tenth finished product rate.In contrast,a liquefied gas kiln takes only a dozen hours and because of easy control of the fire temperature,the finished product rate can reach more than 80%.此译生动形象，在源语和译语间获得了最佳关联，增强了语用效果。

2.3 “曾芹记古窑坊”景点英译

(1)曾芹记古窑坊位于龙泉青瓷小镇紧挨公路的小山脚下，是一种倾斜的拱顶隧道窑，依山势而建，形如卧龙，龙窑之名由此得来。

(2)曾芹记的龙窑长32 米，分22 节，内高1.9米，内宽1.8 米，一次可烧碗、盘2 万余件。

(3)龙窑以柴火为燃料，一次耗费2 万多市斤。事先在窑内堆好柴火和瓷坯，然后封闭窑门，通过窑两侧的燃烧孔，由低到高逐节投柴点火，需要烧足一天一夜的火候，然后再冷却三天三夜。

(4)1957 年，这座龙窑收归当时在上垟镇办起的龙泉青瓷总厂集体，此后因历史原因一度停烧。1997 年，曾家又以7 万元向集体买回这座龙窑，并作了修补。窑主曾世平认为龙窑产量虽不如液化气窑，但烧出来的青瓷的釉色、耐酸碱度等指标都比液化气窑烧出来的要好得多。为表示继承先祖的决心，曾世平用祖父名字中的“芹”字命名了自己的作坊。

(5)曾几何时，龙泉当地有336 座龙窑，如今随着液化石油气窑的发展，龙窑几乎全军覆没，唯独曾芹记的这座龙窑还在坚守以往的传统。曾芹记古窑坊的龙窑每半年烧一次。该龙窑建于光绪年间，已有上百年的历史。曾世平是古窑坊主人，其父曾焕明的祖父于咸丰年间买下了这座龙窑，到曾世平这代，曾家与瓷器的缘分已延续了七代。

——（摘自《浙江行》龙泉特刊）

原译：(1)Zeng Qin Ancient Dragon Kiln is the only working dragon kiln in Longquan.It sits at the foot of a hill near a highway by Shangyang Town,Longquan Celadon Town.

(2)Spreading on the slope of the hill,thedragon-shaped long kilnhas 22 sections.The inside tunnel is 1.9 meters tall and 1.8 meters wide.In one operation,over 20,000 bowls and plates could be fired.It is now the only kiln in Longquan that uses firewood as fuel.

(3)It takes 10,000 kilogram firewood for one single firing operation.Firewood should be heaped inside with raw products.After the gateis sealed,the fire is ignited through the fire holes on both sides,going from fire holes in low positions to those in higher positions.The fire burns for 24 hours.After the fire is out,it takes three days and three nights to cool off totally before the doorcan be opened.

(4)In 1957,Longquan Celadon Factory was set up in Shanghai Town.Zeng Shiping’s father and grandfather worked as technicians in the factory.The family dragon kiln became the town’s assets and stayed idle for years.In 1997,the family bought the kiln back for a sum of 70,000 yuan and had it fixed.

(5)Longquan used to have 336 dragon kilns.Today,Zeng Qing’s kiln is the only one that is fueled by firewood whereas all other kilns use liquefied gas.The family kiln fires once every six months.Zeng Shiping is now the owner of the kiln.The family came to Longquan from Guitian County in Fujian,a province to the south of Zhejiang.The family settled down in Longquan in the years of Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty.All the men in the family worked at kilns.Zeng Shiping’s great grandfather paid a small fortune and bought the dragon kiln.Zeng Shiping is the seventh-generation kiln worker of the family in Longquan and the kiln has been in the hands of the family for over 100 years.

分析：(1)原译几乎照搬了原文语序，段落之间稍欠紧密。根据英语语言表达习惯，首先把原译第二句提前，从结构上按整编法以location 为标题描述该窑位置。原译首句与下文划线处两句其实表达同一意思，即“现存唯一以柴火为燃料而不是以液化气为燃料的古龙窑”，故可将它们合并译为一句置于首段，以突出该景点特征。

Location

Zeng Qin Ancient Dragon Kiln is located at the foot of a hill near a highway by Shangyang Town,Longquan Celadon Town,60km away from Longquan city.As the only working dragon kiln in the city,it is fueled by firewood instead of liquefied gas.

(2) 对此古窑坊的内部结构描述可以Dimensions 作小标题，从长、高、宽、烧瓷容量等方面传达源语的重点信息。试调整如下：

Dimensions

Up the slope of the hill,this dragon kiln has 22 sections.The inside tunnel is 1.9 meters tall and 1.8 meters wide.In one operation,over 20,000 bowls and plates could be fired.It takes 10,000 kilogram firewood for one single firing operation.

(3)以operation 为小标题介绍古窑的工作原理亦作结构上的调整。此处原译的一些用词在专业性方面尚有提升之处，如：“事先在窑内堆好柴火和瓷坯”实际是指装窑，其专门用语是load the kiln(with firewood and green pieces)，与此相对应的“开窑”译为unloading。“窑门”的专业用语是kiln entrance，“封窑”译为seal the kiln,“燃烧孔”即发火口，应该是firing holes。此外，the gate 和the door指代不明。故可作如下改译：

Operation

First the kiln is loaded with firewood and green pieces,then seal the kiln and get ready to fire the kiln.After the kiln begins to be fired,throw the fire wood through the firing holes on both sides of the kiln from the bottom to the top.The firing usually lasts 24 hours until the fire is out.Then it takes three days and nights to cool off before unloading.

(4)(5)对原文第二段的历史描述，可以The Historical Records 为小标题按时间顺序重组，并增补漏译的内容即该古窑建造的时间，特别要注意整个段落语言的衔接和语义的连贯，译文通过使用first,then,when,later,not until,today, whereas,as 等衔接词实现了这一点，从而使整段译文脉络分明，逻辑清晰。译文如下：

The Historical Records

This dragon kiln was first built in the years of Emperor Guanxu of the Qing Dynasty.During the years of Emperor Xianfeng it was bought by Zeng Huanming,the present kiln owner Zeng Shiping’s great grandfather.Then it was handed down to Zeng Shiping,the seventh-generation kiln worker of the family in Longquan and the kiln has been in the hands of the family for over 100 years.When Longquan Celadon Factory was set up in Shanyang Town In 1957,Zeng Shiping’s father and grandfather both worked as technicians in the factory and the family dragon kiln became the town’s asset.Later it stayed idle for years for some historical reasons.It was not until1997 that the family bought the kiln back for 70,000 yuan and had it fixed.Today,Zeng Qing’s kiln is the only one that is fueled by firewood whereas all other kilns use liquefied gas.The family kiln fires once every six months.With its products traditionally advantageous over liquefied gas-fired products in glaze and acid-resistance,the dragon kiln is now under the government’s reconstruction as the last ancient kiln in Longquan.

2.4 “国际陶艺村”景点英译

(1)中国青瓷小镇内的国际陶艺村位于披云青瓷文化园西北区，占地约30 亩，是文化园全力打造的青瓷文化创意基地。(2)建筑风格为独栋农舍小院。(3)依山而建，溪水环绕，泥墙黛瓦，绿竹掩映。(4)中国最传统的建筑结构，结合现代生活设施，营造艺术家生活体验空间。(5)国际陶艺村主要包括十栋独立庭院，分别为龙渊古迹、品青阁、龙泉青瓷协同创新中心、清华艺术空间、陶艺坊、景德镇陶瓷学院青瓷材料研究所、宋韵、鉴真陶瓷艺术中心、瓷韵青谷养生中心等十个项目。------（摘自《浙江行》龙泉特刊）

原译：The International Porcelain Art Village sits on a 2-hectare plot in the northwest part of Piyun Celadon Culture Park.It is a key part of the park.The village is composed of ten separate courtyards along the hills and a stream bubbles by.The courtyard residences are delightfully traditional and bamboo groves flourish.And yet they are equipped with modern household conveniences and amenities,suitable for artists to seek inspiration and translate their fantasies into reality.

The ten countyards house ten separate projects for exhibition,appreciation,creativity,art,material studies,authentication,and relaxation.

分析：该介绍内容包含陶艺村的地理位置、面积、建筑结构和风格以及用途。原译一定程度上体现了汉、英旅游语篇在写作手法上的差异：汉语语篇语言冗余现象突出，大量使用四字格的重复结构，而英语语篇则更注重简练性和客观性。（叶苗，2009：120）原译对汉语原文内容进行重组：把原文句2 和句5 合并，译为一句。对原文句 3 中连续四个四字格，以概略化的手法用traditional 一词统领，增补“泥墙黛瓦”的译文：with plaster walls and black roof tiles，虚实并用，显示庭院的建筑风格。并根据缩减法的变通手段，较好地采用变译法的常用类型摘译（摘取原文中心内容或精华部分翻译的方式）[8]，把相对较长的句5“十栋独立庭院……”的名称缩减为ten separate projects for exhibition,appreciation,creativity,art,material studies,authentication,and relaxation，传达源语重要和主要内容，使译文信息凝练集中，满足了目的语读者用最少的时间获取最大信息的阅读需求。由此强调了语境效果，同时达到了较好的语用效果。稍显美中不足的一点是，陶艺村的英译porcelain art village，较之ceramic art village，后者更贴切。因为陶器和瓷器总称为陶瓷，中国人早在原始社会的新石器时代就发明了陶器，瓷器的出现是在东汉时期。可见是先有陶后有瓷，所以关于瓷器的英译便有如下区别：ceramics 是陶瓷的总称；porcelain 是指工业用词。而“青瓷”的译文celadon，又是用西方文化语境下剧本《牧羊女亚斯泰莱》中的男主角“雪拉同”的名字进行了类比和替换[9]。正如“青瓷小镇”被比喻为“世外桃源”时用Shangarila 替换一样，都能使译文读者所熟悉，符合其认知习惯，容易在认知过程中找到最佳关联，迅速正确理解并获得美的鉴赏。最后将译文以整编法调整如下，使之一目了然：

Location

The International Ceramic Art Village sits on a 2-hectare plot in the northwest part of Piyun Celadon Culture Park in Longquan Celadon Town.It is a key part of the park.

Composition and style

The village is composed of ten separate courtyards along the hills and a stream bubbles by.The courtyard residences are delightfully traditional with white walls and black roof tiles and bamboo groves flourish.

Function

Equipped with modern household conveniences and amenities,the ten countyards are suitable for artists to seek inspiration and translate their fantasies into reality.The beautiful scenery makes the village an ideal place for international art exchange on Longquan celadon.

3 结 论

上述对青瓷文化旅游三大景点英译的分析，旨在突出源语文化语境和目的语读者接受性在青瓷文化旅游翻译中至关重要。为了获得英译文和目的语之间的最佳关联，达到预期交际效果，应通过关联理论下的变译策略，在青瓷文化旅游语篇英译实践中注意如下：首先要把握汉英旅游语篇介绍的差异，通过译前对原文的重新整理和编辑，使语篇层次分明，中心突出，一目了然。其次要对译文读者的认知语境有合理的估计，若目的语读者对于特色鲜明的景点历史文化完全陌生，则需增加相关解释和细节，对源语作适当的变通和扩充，确保交际成功。反之，则采用浓缩性的语言，对原文信息进行压缩，以精炼的语言译出原文中重要的或令译文读者的感兴趣之处。此外还要追求相关术语的准确性。青瓷文化是中华民族的特有文化，与之相关的术语应具有统一性和规范性，正如“青瓷”英译宜采用celadon 的专门用词一样。总之，要加大青瓷文化对外交流的力度，促进其国际营销，青瓷文化旅游的汉译英也应与时俱进，为国际陶瓷文明作出积极的贡献。