《王冠》

2018-09-18 20:01宋云峰
英语学习 2018年9期
关键词:王冠丘吉尔菲利普

宋云峰

1. 《王冠》的成功

《王冠》(The Crown)是一部关于当代英国女王伊丽莎白二世生平的传记剧情(biographical drama)电视连续剧。该剧由彼得·摩根(Peter Morgan)编剧兼导演,由左岸影业公司(Left Bank Pictures)和索尼影视公司(Sony Pictures Television)为奈飞公司(Netflix)制作,第一季和第二季分别于2016年11月4日和2017年12月8日播出。《王冠》的第一季以伊丽莎白(Elizabeth)与爱丁堡公爵菲利普亲王(Philip, Duke of Edinburgh)1947年的婚礼开始,以1955年伊丽莎白的妹妹玛格丽特公主(Princess Margaret)被迫解除与王室侍卫官彼得·唐生(Peter Townsend)的婚约为止。第二季则从1956年的苏伊士运河危机(Suez Crisis)开始,以1963年麦克米伦首相(Harold Macmillan)因阁员涉及间谍和色情丑闻而被迫辞职为止。第三季则从1964年写到1976年,对应工党首相威尔逊(Harold Wilson)的两届任期。第四季则重点讲撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)担任首相期间查尔斯(Prince Charles)与戴安娜(Princess Diana)的关系。第五季和第六季尚在筹划中。

《王冠》脱胎于摩根2006年创作的电影《女王》(The Queen)和2013年创作的舞台剧《观众》(The Audience),计划拍摄六季共60集,涵盖从伊丽莎白与菲利普亲王结婚(1947年)到现在约70年的当代英国王室史,是个雄心勃勃的计划。第一季由奈飞公司于2016年11月4日首播,获得了压倒性的好评。影评人對演员的表演、摩根的导演、剧本撰写、摄影、制作价值以及相对真实和准确的历史人物和事件均赞扬有加。饰演年轻女王的克莱尔·福伊(Claire Foy)和饰演丘吉尔的约翰·利特高(John Lithgow)尤其受到好评。《王冠》和其主演因此获得许多大奖或大奖提名,例如,第23届演员工会(Screen Actors Guild Awards)最佳男演员和最佳女演员奖、第69届黄金时段艾美奖(Primetime Emmy Awards)最佳戏剧、最佳编剧和最佳导演奖。

大众影评烂番茄网站(Rotten Tomatoes)51篇影评的平均好评率为90%,平均打分为十分制的8.7分。该网站的一致性评价是:“精彩的表演与奢华的摄影成就了《王冠》一流的制作,完全配得上这一宏大的题材。”(“Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top-notch production worthy of its grand subject.”)另一家重要的大众影评网站Metacritc基于29篇影评给予该剧百分制的81分,表明比较一致的好评(“universal acclaim”)。

英国《卫报》(The Guardian)电视影评人曼甘(Lucy Mangan)认为投资超过一亿英镑的《王冠》是奈飞公司迄今取得的最大成就:“Netflix can rest assured(放心)that its £100m gamble has paid off. This first series, about good old British phlegm(镇定)from first to last, is the services crowning achievement so far.”英国《每日电讯报》(The Daily Telegraph)专栏作家劳伦斯(Ben Lawrence)评价王室温莎家族是通过《王冠》进行形象公关宣传的最大赢家:“The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors, a compassionate piece of work that humanizes(使人性化)them in a way that has never been seen before. It is a portrait of an extraordinary family, an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one.”英国《星期日邮报》(The Mail on Sunday)电视影评人斯蒂芬(Jaci Stephen)赞扬《王冠》系列无懈可击的完美:“Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite(细腻的)writing and magnificent acting.”美国《波士顿环球报》(The Boston Globe)影评人吉尔伯特(Matthew Gilbert)评价《王冠》从叙事、摄影、表演到历史事件的展现都是一流的:“The show, created and written by Peter Morgan of The Queen and Frost/ Nixon(《对话尼克松》)is thoroughly engaging(引人入胜的), gorgeously shot, beautifully acted, rich in the historical events of postwar England, and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance(细微差别).”美国《好莱坞报道》(The Hollywood Reporter)影评人费恩博格(Daniel Fienberg)也高度评价《王冠》第一季做到了自始至终的引人入胜,尤其是披露不为人所熟知的年轻女王的情感生活与英国王宫中的礼仪规矩:“The first chapter of Peter Morgans chronicle(编年史)of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics, finding both emotional heft(重要性)in Elizabeths youthful ascension(上升)and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol(礼节)and etiquette.”

2. 《王冠》的内容特色——英国君主立宪制与当代英国政治史的形象诠释

长达60集、跨越半个多世纪历史的《王冠》以具体的人物、事件和历史细节细致入微地向观众展示了当代英国的君主立宪制度和政治事件,在一定程度上向世界观众宣扬了英国文化的特点:保守、理性、妥协和讲求实际,可以说是君主立宪制和当代英国政治史的形象诠释。

事实上,君主立宪制之所以在一些国家存在(例如欧洲的英国、荷兰、西班牙、比利时、挪威、瑞典、丹麦和亚洲的日本、泰国、柬埔寨等国),正是传统与现代相互妥协的结果。所谓君主立宪就是君主的权力受到一定程度的制约,必须依照成文或不成文宪法的规定行使权力和承担义务。(A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign [君主] exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.)雖然大多数国家的君主位居至高地位,政府也以君主之名组成,但是他/她们也没有太多的政治实权,例如制定政策或挑选政党领袖来任职。用英国历史学家麦考利(Thomas Macaulay)的话来说,“君主只统不领”(A sovereign reigns but does not rule),是无党派的国家元首和国家统一的象征(a visible symbol of national unity)。

英国的君主立宪制有其自身的特色。当代英国的君主肩负着宪法赋予他/她的众多权利和职责,例如解散议会(dissolving parliament),签署议会通过的法案(giving royal assent to legislation),担任国家武装部队总司令,为对国家做出突出贡献者授勋授爵,任命多数党领袖组成政府等,但这些都是程序惯例,多为虚权。自1688年“光荣革命”(the Glorious Revolution)建立君主立宪制度以来,英国的君主从未违反过任何惯例(违者则被迫退位,如爱德华八世)。当然,英国的君主在政治上也有一定程度的影响力,例如,英国的首相必须依照惯例每周面见君主一次,汇报政府政策并听取君主的意见(谈话的内容有30年保密期)。君主通常会利用这一机会来表达自己的观点和意见,以影响首相的施政。按照英国政治理论家白志浩(Walter Bagehot)在《英国宪法》(The English Constitution)一书里的说法,立宪制君主可以自由行使的三个主要政治权利是“被咨询的权利、鼓励政府的权利以及警告政府的权利”(the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn)。

《王冠》之所以吸引观众,除了艺术上的卓越(摄影、表演、服装、历史细节等),最主要的一点是以具体历史事件串联起来的一部形象的当代英国政治史和君主立宪制百科全书,满足了观众窥视王室家庭秘密和君主立宪制运作的好奇心理,对王室与政客之间的互动有了深入的了解,更对当代英国政治史有了纵览全局的把握。以《王冠》第一季为例:

第一集聚焦伊丽莎白公主与菲利普亲王的婚恋,探讨两人如何必须适应未来所承担的职责和各自所扮演的复杂角色(也就是说,伊丽莎白与菲利普未来的关系不仅是夫妻关系,更是君主与臣民的关系)。第二集聚焦国王乔治六世与首相丘吉尔的互动以及后来的病逝。伊丽莎白不得不承担起一国之君的重任。第三集主要讲述了围绕乔治六世的葬礼,1936年被迫退位的爱德华八世与王室争取名分和利益的故事,其中还有伊丽莎白即位后的姓氏问题以及妹妹玛格丽特公主卷入与王室侍卫官彼得·唐生婚外恋的问题。第四集聚焦1952年伦敦雾霾危机引发的英国朝野要求丘吉尔辞职的问题以及伊丽莎白与丘吉尔的互动。第五集围绕伊丽莎白加冕仪式的程序和内容展开。在菲利普的坚持下,伊丽莎白和英国政府终于同意破天荒对加冕进行全程直播,拉近了与英国国民的距离。第六集则聚焦玛格丽特公主与离婚的彼得·唐生的恋情曝光所引发的王室公关危机。第七集讲述伊丽莎白深感自己的稚嫩和无知,决心聘请家庭教师开始学习自然科学、社会科学以及政治惯例等知识,以应对政治老手丘吉尔;其中还展示了丘吉尔的老态龙钟以及他与接班人艾登之间的矛盾。第八集聚焦伊丽莎白面对非殖民化运动决定承担重任,巡访英国在全球的殖民地以安抚民心并挽救英国的国际地位,期间将君主的职责交由妹妹玛格丽特承担,因此造成了后来姐妹俩的矛盾。第九集主要讲了两件事:丘吉尔终于意识到自己的老迈和不能胜任,决定辞职让位给艾登;伊丽莎白因与爱慕她的养马师交往遭菲利普嫉妒,引发了一系列夫妻矛盾。第十集中,伊丽莎白本想等到玛格丽特25周岁时给予她与唐生结婚的自由,但却遭到英国教会和英国政府的反对(伊丽莎白对有关的惯例和规矩并不知情),因此引发了姐妹俩进一步的矛盾;同时丈夫菲利普似乎也对她心存芥蒂,她将会如何处理这些矛盾呢?

总之,《王冠》通过真实的历史人物、时间以及对他们行为与心理的细腻刻画,展示了英国君主立宪制的方方面面,凸显了英国文化中传统、保守、理性与现代、进步和感性之间的矛盾冲突,是一部生动形象的当代英国政治史。

3. 《王冠》台词选登(选自第一季第一集)

A. Churchill Pays Visit to the King Who Invites Him to Form a New Government

Peter Townsend: (Ushering in Churchill ) Mr. Churchill, Your Majesty.

Churchill: (Shaking hands with the King) Your Majesty.

George VI: The people have spoken. Your party has won the election, and as... as their Sovereign(元首), I invite you to form a government in my name.

Churchill: An honor I gratefully accept.

George VI: My dear Winston. Congratulations.(Shake hands with Churchill ) Would it be terribly unconstitutional(违反宪法的)of me to say how happy I am? Ive missed our weekly chats. Your predecessor(前任,指艾德礼)is a fine parliamentarian(议员). A good man. But, well, as company, as a companion...

Churchill: An empty taxi pulled up at the House of Commons(下议院), and Mr. Attlee(工党首相艾德礼)got out.

George VI: Quite. Now you may congratulate me in return.

Churchill: What for?

George VI: My rapid recovery(此前国王刚做过肺叶切除手术).

Churchill: Oh, yes.

George VI: I seem to have bounced back(恢复)a lot quicker than people expected.

Churchill: Yes.

George VI: Not sure I ever imagined what breathing through one lung would feel like. Turns out theres barely any difference.

Churchill: Good, good.

George VI: Though... probably wise to let the Princess Elizabeth undertake the Commonwealth(英联邦国家组织)tour? Hm? What say you?

Churchill: Is she up to it?(她能胜任吗?)

George VI: Yes, Id say so. Besides... we have to start breaking her in(訓练她)gently, dont we?

Churchill: Do we?

George VI: Keep one eye on the future. The distant future.

B. Churchill and His Wife Talk About the Ill King and the Future

Mrs. Churchill: How was the king?

Churchill: He talked a great deal about his recovery. Lots of mentions of “Bouncing back”. Which always makes one fear the worst. Not to mention the make-up(化妆). He was wearing rouge(胭脂,口红).

Mrs. Churchill: Poor man.

Churchill: Its cancer.

Mrs. Churchill: What? Who knows?

Churchill: No one. Least of all him(至少他不知道). Mrs. Churchill: So hes dying?

Churchill: Were all dying. Thats what defines the condition of living. Will he die tomorrow? No.

Mrs. Churchill: What about the day after tomorrow? And the day after that? The country needs to be led by someone strong.

Churchill: Well, Im strong!

Mrs. Churchill: You are also tired, Winston. We both are. A situation like that would require enormous energy.

Churchill: And I wont lie to you. I have considered resigning for Anthonys(后来接替丘吉尔出任英国首相的艾登)sake. For your sake. But then I realized a situation like that would also require statesmanship(治国之才). The party needs me. The country needs me. She(指伊丽莎白公主)needs me.

Mrs. Churchill: Who? Churchill: Her!

Mrs. Churchill: Oh, her.

C. King George VI Talks to Philip About His Duty Regarding Elizabeth

King: You understand, the titles, the... dukedom(公爵封號). Theyre not the job.

Philip: Sir?

King: She is the job. She is the essence of your duty. Loving her. Protecting her. Of course, youll miss your career. But doing this for her, doing this for me... there may be no greater act of patriotism(爱国情怀)or love.

Philip: I understand, sir.

King: Do you, boy? Do you really.

Philip: I think so.

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