“短文填空”种种形式

江西 邱世才

短文填空题是各地中考英语必考题型之一，主要考查考生的阅读、逻辑推理、分析归纳及综合判断的能力。侧重考查考生对词语掌握的熟练程度，尤其是动词时态、语态等在具体语境中的综合运用情况。

纵观2018年各地中考题，短文填空题主要包括首字母提示、汉语提示、单词提示、选词填空和自由填空等题型。

一、首字母提示型

首字母提示型短文填空题的命题形式是给出一段英语短文，在短文中将某个单词去掉，只保留其首字母作为提示，要求考生阅读短文，根据语境及所给的首字母提示，填入所缺的单词，使短文内容通顺、意思完整。

该题型主要考查考生对实词的掌握情况，以及对考纲内短语的熟悉程度。有时还必须根据语境进行单词的变形。

【真题链接】

阅读下面短文，在空白处写出适当的单词，单词首字母已给出。

Once, there was a little grey planet. People living on it hadn't looked after it well. Athey had excellent inventions and spaceships beyond our imagination, they made the planet fof rubbish and pollution. As a result, there were no plants or aleft.

One day, a little boy was walking on the p.When he passed a cave(山洞), he noticed a small red fin it. The flower was sick and almost dying.The boy dit out carefully with its root and some soil. Then he tried to find somewhere to plant it,but he failed. He looked up in the sky and he found the m. He thought the flower might grow won the moon. So he climbed into a spaceship with the flower and fto the moon. He grew the flower on the moon and took care of it every day. Soon the flowers spread all over the moon and the moon was cwith red flowers.

When all the flowers come out, the moon looks r, like a warning light. If we don't look aour earth carefully, the day will come when flowers will only be able to grow on the moon.

【2018·咸宁中考题】

【解题秘籍】

1.通读短文，判断单词大意。首先将全文通读一遍，然后借助首字母来确定所填单词的中文含义。

2.根据空格在全句中所处的位置，特别是依据空格前后的单词，来分析句子成分，确定所填单词的词性。

3.在确定好所填单词的词意、词性的基础上，再来确定所填单词的适当形式，比如是否需要填写名词复数，是否需要词性转换等。

4.在确定了所填单词的词意、词性和词形后，这样得出的单词，才是正确答案。

【参考答案】

66.Although 67.full 68.animals 69.planet 70.flower 71.dug 72.moon 73.well / wonderfully 74.flew 75.covered 76.red 77.after

二、汉语提示型

汉语提示型短文填空题的命题形式是给出一篇长度在200～240个单词的短文，将其中的某些单词去掉，括号内用汉语做出提示。要求根据短文内容和汉语提示，用单词的正确形式填空完成短文，每空限填一词。

该题型主要考查考生在理解句子意思的基础上将汉语译成英语单词，从而完成英文单词的拼写。所填的单词多为句中比较重要的常用单词，以名词、代词、动词、数词、形容词和副词等实词最为多见。

【真题链接】

阅读下面短文，然后根据括号内所给汉语意思写出单词的正确形式。每空限填一词。

Have you ever heard of“National Smile Month”？It started on the 14thof(五月)in the UK. During this month,people are made to think about the importance of brushing their teeth,(吃) less sweet foods and going to see the(医生) from time to time.

But what about smiling in the UK? Do the British smile a lot,or do they look(悲伤的)all the time？It's said that the British don't often show their feelings.But actually it all(取决于) on the situation. For example, Britain doesn't(允 许)smiling in passport photos. But if you are at a party, you'll find everyone smiling(开心地) and loudly.

So, the British smile as much as anyone else.

【2018·金华中考题】

【解题秘籍】

1.英汉对比，直接译词。特别是对名词的单纯考查时，个别名词要前后留意是否要用复数形式。

2.前后联系，情景填词。做题时往往需要考生灵活运用语法知识，比如根据单词词性、时态、名词单复数、代词及冠词等来判断空白处应该填写的内容。

3.完善搭配，填写单词。在写出正确单词之前，要特别留意单词的固定搭配和句型，以确保符合逻辑和语境。

【参考答案】

51.May 52.eating / having 53.doctor / doctors 54.famous / well-known 55.However 56.stars 57.sad 58.depends 59.allow 60.happily

三、单词提示型

单词提示型短文填空题的命题形式是给出一段短文，将一些单词去掉，要求用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空，或结合本句式特点填入一个适当的单词来完成短文。

该题型以词形变换为主要考查方式，也就是根据所给单词的提示，结合本句式的特点和上下文的语境，确定单词的适当形式。所考查的单词多为名词、代词、形容词、副词，以及动词等。

【真题链接】

阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的词，或填入括号中所给单词的正确形式。

Joseph is a teacher in New York. He gives lessons to(he) students about American history.But he was bornKenya, an African country where the children lead a very different life. For example, a ten-year-old boy may spend(much)time in taking care of cows than studying at school.The children also learn many(skill) like how to live in the wild.

Unlike many other children,Joseph went to school.And(lucky), when he was 15, he came(study) in America and then became a teacher. Joseph has writtenbook called Facing the Lion. In the book, he talks about his childhood. He thinksis very important for American children to learn about the cultural differences between their countrythe others. He also thinks children should learn to be strong and full of hope. Now Joseph(do) a project, hoping that it will help children face their own“lions”.

【2018·丽水中考题】

【解题秘籍】

1.通读短文，了解短文的大意。在掌握了全文的大意和作者的意图之后，就可以根据上下文，填入最贴切的单词。

2.观察括号内所给的单词，弄清其词义与词性。比如括号内所给的单词是形容词或副词时，就要考虑形容词与副词之间的互换，以及在比较的语境中，还要考虑到其比较等级的运用。

3.理解句意，把握前后句子的语境，准确填入所缺单词。比如第61题，根据空格后的名词students可知，名词前要用形容词性物主代词，he对应是his；第63题根据题干中的than，可知是比较级，much的比较级是more。

【参考答案】

61.his 62.in 63.more 64.skills 65.luckily 66.to study 67.a 68.it 69.and 70.is doing

四、选词填空型

选词填空型短文填空题的命题形式是将一篇短文中间留10个空格，要求考生从方框中选出最佳的词语（有时需要改动词语的形式），填入相应的空格内，完成短文。

该题型中方框内的备选词以动词、名词居多，形容词、副词次之，还有少量的代词、连词、介词和数词等。

【真题链接】

阅读下面的短文，用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空，使文意通顺，结构正确。(每个单词限用一次)

overcome other say return failure smile it happy confident language

which can help others understand us better. Therefore,let's start to smile and live a better andlife.

【2018·兰州中考题】

【解题秘籍】

1.观察方框内的词汇。首先要对方框中所给的单词或短语有所了解，熟悉其含义或词性。如果方框中有两个单词是多余的，那么要注意同义或近义词的辨析，往往同义名词或同义动词是两个多余的干扰项。

2.理解短文的语境。固定句型和短语的结构是重要的考点。做题时应注意所填之词与空格前后词语的搭配，做到结构、句义、语法和逻辑上的协调一致。

【参考答案】

71.saying 72.it 73.others 74.confident 75.failure / failures 76.（to）overcome 77.smile 78.return 79.language 80.happier

五、自由填空型

自由填空型短文填空题的命题形式是给出一段短文，挖出其中一些单词，要求考生在没有任何提示的情况下，在短文的空格处填入一个恰当的单词，使短文意思完整、通顺。

该题型要求考生能用所学的英语知识去获取信息、分析问题并解决问题。命题的重心往往放在对所给短文语篇的整体把握上，甚至提升到对作者的写作意图和思想角度进行考查。

【真题链接】

根据下面短文内容，在短文的空格处填上一个恰当的词，使短文完整、通顺。

As we are growing up, we really need advice from adults. Here are three people talking about their experiences.Jasper, 26, actor You're not alone.

Sometimes when you're a teenager, you feel as if you're all alone and there'syou can talk to.Do you know twenty to thirty percent of teenagers in the US have a hardgoing through the period？They feel lonely and sad. I think life is so much easier if youyour troubles with others. I regret that I didn't take the advice when someone gave it to me.

Steve, 27, teacher

Your teachers only want what's best for you.

When I was in school, I never thought I'd become a teacher. I acted badly in class, and I feelabout that now. I love my job and I know how challenging it is, so I hope kids can show their teachers more respect（尊重）.I hope kids canthat teachers push them to do their best and not just to give them a hard time.

Anna, 29, doctor

Money doesn't grow on trees.

When I was a teenager, I never learnedto save money. I just spent it! My parents gave me everything I wanted, but I realize now they spent littlethemselves. Now I wish I knew more about planning my money, and I am not the only one! It seems that today's teenagers know about money planning even lessme years ago. I do wish they could learn about it earlier.

【2018·重庆中考题A卷】

【解题秘籍】

1.抓住首句的时态和语气，理清文章结构，推测全文的时态、主题及大意。

2.根据语境，确定空格处所需单词的意思，并根据空格在句中的位置，判断其充当的成分，确定所填入单词的词性。最后依据词语搭配和语法规则，确定所填单词的正确形式。

3.在空格处分别填入单词后，将短文整体细读一遍，上下联系，逻辑推敲。验证全文内容是否协调一致，句意是否通顺，语法结构是否正确无误等。

【参考答案】

75.nobody 76.time 77.share 78.sorry 79.understand 80.how 81.on 82.than

总之，要做好短文填空题，不仅要具备一定的词法、句法和惯用法等知识，而且要具备阅读理解能力、综合分析能力和运用语言知识的实践能力。

无论是哪种题型的短文填空题，通常要先了解语境，并依据上下文进行合理的分析、判断，然后才能得出正确的答案。一般来说，做短文填空题时，应做到如下几点：

1.通览全文，了解大意。

答题时应先通读全文，遇到空格时要越过空格，借助文中的主题句和关键信息词，通过逻辑思维建立本短文语言的整体感，了解短文大意，这是做完形填空的首要步骤。

2.综合考虑，先易后难。

通览全文后认真观察所给的提示，分析这一空格处在句中的位置、前后的关系和它所起的作用，然后确定最佳答案。遇到阅读障碍暂放一边，先易后难，才是解题之道，因为有些答案是必须通过下文的理解后才能做出判断的。

3.复读检验，消除失误。

完成所有空格后，还要再次通读全文，看看短文是否流畅，意义是否连贯，逻辑关系是否合理。复查时，具体可从语法、语境入手，检查一下句子的时态、语态、词形及词语的搭配和逻辑关系等是否正确。