西安市二级及以下公立医疗机构污水处理情况调查

2018-05-14 15:20高思于燕
中国卫生产业 2018年22期

高思 于燕

[摘要] 目的 了解西安市二級以下医疗机构污水处理情况、排放卫生质量与存在问题。方法 采用问卷方式了解全市13个区县198家公立二级及以下医疗机构(其中二级医疗机构25家,二级以下医疗机构174家)污水处理情况的现状。结果 该市的25家二级医疗机构中建有污水设备的有22家,占88%,全部可以正常运转;3家无污水处理设备,12%。该市二级以下医疗机构173家中,79家医疗机构对医疗机构污水进行消毒处理,占46%;94家医疗机构对医疗机构污水不处理,占54%,其中59家医疗机构污水直接排放入地标水体,占63%。198家医疗机构中,52家医疗机构对污水处理效果进行监测,占26%;其中,23家医疗机构是由环保部门进行污水排放的监测,占44%,19家医疗机构最近一次污水处理监测结果是合格的,占83%;17家医疗机构由单位自行监测污水排放质量,占33%,最近一次污水处理监测结果全部合格,占100%;9家医疗机构是由有资质的专业机构进行污水监测,占17%,最近一次污水处理监测结果全部合格;2家医疗机构是由环保部门和有资质的专业机构共同进行污水监测,占3.8%,最近一次污水处理监测结果均合格;1家医疗机构是由环保部门和单位共同进行污水监测,占2%,最近一次污水处理监测结果合格。198家医疗机构中,174家医疗机构设置有检验科,其中10家医疗机构将检验科样本直接倒入下水道,占5.7%;159家医疗机构将检验样本按医废消毒处理,占91%。198家医疗机构中,98家医疗机构由专人管理污水处理工作,占49%;其中44家医疗机构管理污水处理的工作人员参加过相关培训,占45%。结论 西安市二级及以下医疗机构污水处理仍存在一些问题,医疗机构对污水处理工作不够重视,应该加强监督监测,确保污水质量达标。

[关键词] 医疗机构污水;污水处理设备;污水排放质量

[中图分类号] R197.32 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1672-5654(2018)08(a)-0154-03

[Abstract] Objective To know the sewage treatment, sanitary emission quality and existing issues of medical institutions at the second level or below in Xian. Methods The sewage treatment of 198 medical institutions at the second level or below in 13 counties and regions in the whole city were investigated by the questionnaire (25 medical institutions at the second level, 174 medical institution below the second level. Results Of 25 medical institution at the second level, there were 22 with sewage equipment, accounting for 88%, all could operate normally; 3 without sewage treatment equipment, accounting for 12%, of 173 medical institutions below the second level in our city, 79 medical institutions conducted the disinfection treatment of sewage in the medical institutions, accounting for 46%, 94 medical institutions did not conduct the treatment of sewage in the medical institutions, accounting for 54%, including 59 medical institutions directly emitting the sewage to the landmark water body, accounting for 63%. Of 198 medical institutions, 52 medical institutions conducted the monitoring of the sewage treatment effect, accounting for 26%, the sewage treatment of 23 medical institutions was monitored by the environmental protection department, accounting for 44%, the sewage treatment monitoring results of 19 medical institutions recently was qualified, accounting for 83%; the sewage emission quality was monitored by the unit in 17 medical institutions, accounting for 33%, the sewage treatment monitoring results recently was qualified, accounting for 100%, and the sewage of 9 medical institutions was monitored by the qualified professional institutions, accounting for 17%, and the sewage treatment monitoring results recently were qualified, and the sewage monitoring of 2 medical institutions was conducted by the environmental protection department and qualified professional institutions, accounting for 3.8%, and the sewage treatment monitoring results recently were qualified, and the sewage monitoring of 1 medical institution was conducted by the environmental protection department and unit, accounting for 2%, and the sewage treatment and monitoring results recently were qualified, of 198 cases of medical institutions, 174 medical institutions were equipped with the department of clinical laboratory, including 10 medical institutions directly pouring the samples in the department of clinical laboratory into the sewer, accounting for 5.7%; 159 medical institutions giving the test samples the disinfection treatment as the medical waste, accounting for 91%. Of 198 medical institutions, the sewage treatment work was managed by the specially-assigned persons in 98 medical institutions, accounting for 49%; the working staff of managing the sewage treatment of 44 medical institutions participated in the related training, accounting for 45%. Conclusion There are some problems in the sewage treatment in the medical institution at the second level and below in our city, and the medical institutions do not pay enough attention to the sewage treatment work, instead, they should enhance the supervision and monitoring and ensure the sewage quality to reach the standards.

[Key words] Sewage in the medical institution; Sewage treatment equipment; Sewage emission quality

医疗机构的污水是一种特殊的污水,含有很多病毒、病菌和有毒、有害物质,具有极大的危害性,如果不进行消毒处理直接排放,就会成为病原菌扩散的重要途径,严重污染环境,甚至引起多种传染性疾病的发生和流行,严重危害人民群众的身体健康。为了解该市二级及以下医疗机构污水处理情况,2017年6—9月对西安市13个区县的198家二级及以下医疗机构的污水排放量、污水处理进行调查。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

西安市13个区县198家二级及以下医疗机构,其中二级医疗机构25家,二级以下医疗机构173家。

1.2 方法

问卷调查法:向13个区县卫计局发放设计好的调查表和填表要求,由区县卫计局向辖区医疗机构发放和收集调查表。

2 结果

2.1 污水处理情况

25家公立二级医疗机构中,24家医疗机构对污水进行消毒处理,占96%;1家医疗机构对污水不处理。173家二级以下(包括未定级)医疗机构中,79家医疗机构对污水进行消毒处理,占46%;94家医疗机构对污水不处理,其中59家医疗机构污水直接排入地表水,占62.8%。

2.2 污水处理设备建有情况

25家公立二级医疗机构中,建有污水设备的有22家,占88%;3家无污水处理设备,12%。173家二级(包括未定级)以下公立医疗机构中,建有污水处理站的有30家,占17%。

2.3 污水设备运转情况

建有污水处理设备的22家二级公立医疗机构,全部可以正常运转,占100%;建有污水处理设备的30家二级(包括未定级)以下公立医疗机构中,可以正常运转的有26家,占87%。

2.4 污水处理方式

建有污水处理设备的52家污水处理设备的医疗机构中,19家医疗机构污水处理设备属于一级污水处理设备设施;15家医疗机构污水处理设备属于二级污水处理设备设施;8家医疗机构污水处理设备属于简易生化处理;10家医疗机构污水处理设备是简易污水消毒池。

2.5 医院污水处理监测结果

198家医疗机构中,52家医疗机构对污水处理效果进行监测,占26%;其中,23家医疗机构是由环保部门进行污水排放的监测,占44%,19家医疗机构最近一次污水处理监测结果是合格的,占83%;17家医疗机构由单位自行监测污水排放质量,占33%,最近一次污水处理监测结果全部合格,占100%;9家医疗机构是由有资质的专业机构进行污水监测,占17%,最近一次污水处理监测结果全部合格;2家医疗机构是由环保部门和有资质的专业机构共同进行污水监测,占3.8%,最近一次污水处理监测结果均合格;1家医疗机构是由环保部门和单位共同进行污水监测,占2%,最近一次污水处理监测结果合格。

2.6 医疗机构对检验科污水处理情况

198家医疗机构中,198家医疗机构中,174家医疗机构设置有检验科,其中10家医疗机构将检验科样本直接倒入下水道,占5.7%;159家医疗机构将检验样本按医废消毒处理,占91%。

2.7 医疗机构污水处理管理工作

198家医疗机构中,98家医疗机构由专人管理污水处理工作,占49%;其中44家医疗机构管理污水处理的工作人员参加过相关培训,占45%。

3 讨论

根据国家环保总局和国家质量监督检验检疫总局发布的《医疗机构水污染排放标准》(GB 18466-2005),凡从事疾病诊断、治疗活动的医院、卫生院、疗养院、门诊部、诊所、卫生急救站等都是医疗机构;而从医疗机构门诊、病房、手术室、各类检验室、病例解剖室、放射室、洗衣房、太平间等处排除的诊疗、生活及粪便污水都是医疗机构的污水。为防止病原微生物二次污染,不同的医疗机构需要遵循不同的排放标准。本次调查显示,西安市二级及以下医疗机构的污水排放还存在很多问题,医疗机构对医疗污水处理工作不够重视,尤其是二级以下医疗机构,大部分医疗机构对医疗污水不进行处理,直接排放;且二级及以下医疗机构对污水处理的监测也不够,不能确保消毒后的污水能否达标排放。因此,建议监管部门和监测部门加大监督检测力度,尤其是二级及以下医疗机构医疗污水排放情况,按照《医疗机构污水污染物排放标准》(GB 18466-2005)要求,对污水排放不合格的医疗机构进行定期、不定期的监测,落实污水消毒处理措施,确保达标排放。

[参考文献]

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[5] 中华人民共和国卫生部.消毒管理办法[S].北京:中华人民共和国卫生部,2002.

(收稿日期:2018-05-07)