王 昂,马旭洲,于永清,徐 静,吕为群
(1.上海海洋大学 水产科学国家级实验教学示范中心,上海 201306; 2.上海海洋大学 水产种质资源开发利用重点实验室,上海 201306; 3.上海海洋大学 农业部淡水水产种质资源重点实验室/上海市水产养殖工程技术研究中心/水产动物遗传育种协同创新中心,上海 201306; 4.盘山县河蟹技术研究所,辽宁 盘锦 124000; 5.盘山县气象局,辽宁 盘锦 124000)
水产动物的代谢产物是NH3,通过鳃排放到环境中。Boyd等[17]研究证明在养殖过程中,约有25%~30%的饲料N素被水产动物利用,其余都以NH3的形式排出体外。因此,养鱼池塘也是NH3的排放源之一[18]。水稻与水产动物相结合,是一种因地制宜的种养模式,在我国有2 000多年的历史,并且得到学术界和生产上的广泛认可[19]。然而,Li等[20]研究了稻鱼共作系统NH3挥发,发现鱼类的存在降低了稻田的NH3挥发。因为鱼类抑制了藻类的生长,降低水体的pH,从而抑制了NH3的产生。稻蟹共作模式在我国北方稻作区被广泛应用,取得了很好的生态效益和经济效益[21]。关于养蟹对水稻生长、病虫害防治、稻田生态环境等方面的影响有广泛研究[22],但是该系统的NH3挥发情况,还未见报道。目前稻蟹共作模式在全国有较大应用面积,仅辽宁省就超过8万hm2[23]。因此研究稻蟹共作系统NH3的挥发损失,评估其对环境的影响意义较大。本研究结合室外试验和室内检测,对比稻蟹共作模式和常规稻作模式在施肥和不施肥条件下系统NH3挥发损失,探索其影响因素,补充稻蟹共作模式的理论基础,为该模式的规模化应用提供参考。并且全国各地因地制宜,发展了许多稻田综合种养模式,如稻鱼、稻蟹、稻虾、稻鳖、稻蛙等[23],本研究也为今后稻田综合种养模式的基础研究提供参考。
田间实验于2013年的6月—10月,在辽宁省盘锦市坝墙子镇姜家村(122.26 E, 41.17 N)进行。实验点地处温带季风性气候区,2013年年均气温9.2 ℃,降水量613.7 mm,降水主要集中在5月—9月,占全年降水量的72.7%。该实验地点的土壤为潮棕壤,总氮(TN)1.61 g·kg-1,总磷(TP)0.45 g·kg-1,总有机碳(TOC)13.8 g·kg-1,pH为7.28。
水稻为盐粳456(Oryzasalivasubspkeng),生育期163 d左右,由辽宁省农业科学院提供。肥料为尿素(46% N),过磷酸钙(16% P2O5)和硫酸钾(50% K2O)。河蟹为辽河水系中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheirsinensis),由盘山县河蟹技术研究所提供。配合饲料购自禾丰牧业有限公司(辽宁沈阳),成分:粗蛋白≥35%,粗脂肪≥5.5%,粗纤维≥9%,粗灰分≤15%,TP≥1%。
田间实验采用施肥和养蟹二因素裂区设计。主因素为不养蟹与养蟹,不养蟹就是常规稻作模式,养蟹就是将大眼幼体放入稻田培育成一龄蟹种。副因素为施肥与不施肥,实验共4个处理,即单作稻不施肥(R0M)、稻蟹共作不施肥(R0C)、单作稻施肥(R1M)和稻蟹共作施肥(R1C),每个处理各3个重复,一共12个小区,每个小区面积为100 m2(10 m×10 m)。
每个小区有各自的进水口和排水口。进水口用尼龙网(80目)包裹,以防杂鱼进入和河蟹逃逸。小区之间用田埂(宽1.0 m×高0.5 m)隔开,在田埂上用厚塑料膜做成高40 cm的防逃墙,田埂内沿四周用镀锌铁皮(宽45.0 cm,厚约0.5 mm)垂直插入土壤30 cm,以减少各小区之间的侧渗。5月27日,肥料一次性施入稻田(其中N肥只施于R1M和R1C处理中),施肥量为160 kg·hm-2N,70 kg·hm-2P2O5和80 kg·hm-2K2O。施肥后,所有小区人工翻地15~20 cm。5月30日灌水泡田;6月1日,人工插秧,密度为行距30 cm×株距16 cm,之后田间无任何植保措施。6月9日,大眼幼体(0.005 g)放入养蟹单元格,密度为120万只·hm-2。每天17:00左右,投喂一次配合饲料,天气不好或者饵料有剩余的情况下不投喂。为了降低一龄蟹种提早成熟的比例,根据经验在8月25日至9月15日停止投喂,于9月16日恢复投喂至9月23日。10月1日,水稻人工收割。河蟹于10月20日收获,累积投饵量为920 kg·hm-2。
1.5.1NH3的采样与测定
1.5.2其他样品的采集与测定
实验期间,田面水一共采集了20次。稻田灌水的10 d内,每天采集水样。用50 mL的注射器,选择5个点,不搅动土壤抽取田面水,注入500 mL的采样瓶中,立刻送至实验室分析。水稻植株采集了5次,于苗期取秧苗20株;于分蘖期、穗分化期、灌浆期和成熟期,在各小区用铁铲随机取水稻5株。将水稻根部泥土洗净,整株放入105 ℃烘箱(DHG-9070A,精宏,上海)中杀青30 min,后将温度调整为70 ℃烘干48 h,冷却后称取质量。
随着水稻的生长,N素积累量不断增加,至成熟期达到最高值,4个处理水稻N素积累量为77.78~149.10 kg·hm-2(图1)。穗分化期时,水稻的N素积累量为51.65~97.44 kg·hm-2;苗期至分蘖期最低,为3.31~8.47 kg·hm-2。除了苗期以外,施肥稻田的N素积累量均显著高于不施肥稻田(P<0.05)。成熟期的水稻N素积累量,R1M较R0M提高了53.3%;R1C较R0C提高了69.7%(P<0.05)。除苗期外,养蟹也显著增加水稻的N素积累量(P<0.05),主要发生在施肥稻田(R1M和R1C),不施肥稻田中,R0C的N素积累量只在穗分化期显著高于R0M(P<0.05)。在成熟期,R1C的水稻N素积累量较R1M增加了25.0%(P<0.05)。
S、T、PI、F和M分别代表水稻苗期、分蘖期、穗分化期、扬花期和成熟期。不同的字母表示差异显著。S, T, PI, F and M reoresented seedling, tillering, panicle initiation, flowering and mature stages of rice, respectively. Different letters indicated significant differences at 0.05 level.图1 水稻植株不同时期N素积累量Fig.1 N accumulation in rice plants under different treatments
NH3挥发速率受施肥的影响较大,所以施肥稻田和不施肥稻田的NH3挥发速率呈现不同趋势(图2)。在施肥稻田中,施肥后检测到少量NH3挥发,5月30日淹水后迅速升高,于6月1日达到峰值,然后迅速下降至较低水平。不施肥稻田(R0M和R0C),NH3挥发处于较低水平,并且趋势较平稳。R0M、R0C、R1M和R1C的NH3平均挥发速率分别为0.148、0.132、1.506和1.462 kg·hm-2·d-1,其中养蟹稻田(R0C和R1C)的挥发速率略低,但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。
在水稻全生育期,各处理NH3总挥发量为4.79~49.70 kg·hm-2(表1)。施肥显著增加稻田NH3挥发量,R1M和R1C的NH3挥发量分别较R0M和R0C提高了4.33倍和4.61倍。施肥稻田,NH3挥发主要集中在淹水后10 d内(5月30日—6月8日),R1M和R1C在该阶段的挥发量分别占总挥发量的69.1%和74.2%。从河蟹放入稻田后(6月9日—9月30日)计,R1C的NH3挥发量较R1M降低28.4%(P<0.05)。但是对比全生育期二者的NH3总挥发量,差异不显著(P>0.05)。可见养蟹可以降低稻田的NH3挥发损失,但是效果有限。R1M和R1C处理NH3总挥发量分别占当季施N量(160 kg·hm-2)的28.5%和26.0%。
字母F、I、C和箭头组合表示施肥,灌溉和放蟹时间。Arrow bars combined with letters F, I and C denoted the time of fertilization, irrigation and crab released.图2 不同处理稻田NH3挥发速率Fig.2 Ammonia volatization fluxes from rice fields under different treatments
表1不同模式NH3累积挥发量
Table1Ammonia volatization losses from paddy fields under different treatments
kg·hm-2
同一列的数据后面不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。由于9月11日检测到的NH3排放速率极小(小于0.05 kg·hm-2·d-1),所以9月11日—9月30日的NH3排放速率以9月11日的排放速率计。
In a column, different letters mean significant differences among treatments at the 5% level, by ANOVA and DMRT. As the rate of AV was extremely low on 11th September (less than 0.05 kg·hm-2d-1), so the rate of AV between 11th September to 30th September was calculated as the rate on 11th September.
在水稻全生育期,田面水pH为6.17~8.85,R0M、R0C、R1M和R1C田面水的pH值分别为7.31、7.22、7.69和7.53(图3),施肥提高了田面水pH,主要发生在淹水后的10 d内(5月30日—6月8日),但是总体差异不显著(P>0.05)。不施肥和施肥稻田pH变化趋势略有差异。不施肥稻田呈现前期高,然后缓慢降低的趋势,但是总体较平稳。施肥稻田,在淹水后pH迅速升高,于淹水后第4天达到峰值,然后下降至平稳。养蟹降低了田面水pH,但是差异也不显著(P>0.05)。
图3 不同处理稻田田面水pH动态变化Fig.3 Dynamics of flooding water pH under different treatments
图4 不同处理稻田田面水动态变化Fig.4 Dynamics of flooding water concentrations under different treatments
** 表示在0.01水平上显著相关。** denoted significant correlation at 0.01 level.图5 NH3 挥发速率与稻田田面水pH(a)和浓度(b)的相关性Fig.5 Dependence of ammonia volatization fluxes on pH values (a) and concentrations of (b) of flooding water in paddy fields
NH3挥发量(y,kg·hm-2)与水稻不同阶段的N素积累量(x, kg·hm-2)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),相关方程为y2=14.938-0.158·x,R2=0.165*(图6)。由此可见,水稻的吸收与NH3的转化竞争系统的N素,从而减少NH3的产生和挥发。
* 表示在0.05水平上显著相关。* denoted significant correlation at 0.05 level.图6 NH3的挥发损失与水稻N素积累量的相关性Fig.6 Relationship between cumulative ammonia volatization losses and N accumulation in rice plants
水稻植株的N素含量及其分蘖能力与水稻群体的光合能力密切相关,对水稻的分蘖数、干物质量积累和产量有重要影响[28]。许多学者[11,29]研究表明,施肥显著促进了水稻的N素积累,本研究也证实了上述的结论,并且水稻N素积累量于苗期至分蘖期最低,占全生育期N素积累量的4.2%~6.1%;分蘖期至穗分化期最高,占全生育期N素积累量的65.3%~69.8%。因为无论水稻是直播还是移栽,在苗期对N素的需求量都小,并且根系也较弱,吸收能力差;随着水稻的生长,N素需求量不断增加,根系生物量不断增加,对N素吸收能力增强[30]。但是,水稻生物量和N素积累速率并非呈线性正相关,随着水稻的生物量不断增大,N素积累速率下降[31]。养蟹也提高了水稻的N素积累量(穗分化期至成熟期)。有如下原因:首先,河蟹养殖在稻田里,粪便给水稻提供了额外的N素[32]。此外,孙永健等[33]研究表明,随着施N量的提高,水稻对N素的吸收先增加后降低,存在N肥和P肥的协同吸收。因此,其河蟹粪便中的P可能促进了水稻对N素的吸收。其次,河蟹在稻田中的扰动,促进了水稻根系对N素的吸收[34]。然而,河蟹对水稻N素积累的显著促进作用仅仅发生在施肥稻田,可能因为在施肥条件下,水稻根系生物量较大[35],对N素的吸收能力强,所以更加能够体现河蟹的促进作用。
综上,稻蟹共作模式显著提高了水稻的N素积累量,并在一定程度上降低了稻田NH3挥发损失,提高了肥料N素的利用率,降低对环境的危害,为该模式的规模化应用提供了积极的理论支持。然而,稻田系统N素损失有多种途径,除了NH3挥发以外,还有淋溶、径流和反硝化损失[50-51],因此要全面评估稻蟹共作模式对生态环境的影响还有待补充研究。另外,本研究为了方便阐述河蟹对于系统NH3挥发损失的影响,采用了单一的施肥方式。今后,对于其他施肥策略,比如施有机肥或者有机无机配施对稻蟹共作生态系统NH3挥发损失的影响需要进一步探索。
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