意大利文艺复兴的那些人与那些事

文本刊记者 陈思静 CHEN Sijing

几百年前，发端于意大利佛罗伦萨的文艺复兴运动，开启了西方文明史上一个新时代。恩格斯曾说：“文艺复兴是一次人类从来没有经历过的最伟大的、进步的变革，是一个需要巨人而产生了巨人——在思维能力、热情和性格方面，在多才多艺和学识渊博方面的巨人的时代。”文艺复兴时期，意大利的艺术、生活和思想是怎样的？3月27日至6月22日，在首都博物馆举办的“文艺复兴时期意大利艺术、文化和生活”展将为观众答疑解惑。

此次展览由意大利文化遗产活动与旅游部、中国国家文物局、北京市文物局主办，首都博物馆承办。展览隶属于中意文化合作机制框架下的“意大利博物馆睡美人”项目。展览中方策展人、首都博物馆副馆长黄雪寅介绍：“它的特点是将意大利多家博物馆沉睡的藏品遴选后，组织成主题展览。此次展览的大部分展品都是第一次来到中国。”

来自乌菲齐美术馆、巴杰罗国家博物馆、翁布里亚国家美术馆等意大利17家博物馆和机构的102件组展品，类型极为丰富，不仅包括提香、波提切利、佩鲁吉诺、丁托列托和老帕尔马等大批艺术家的绘画作品，还涵盖了像章、服装、日常生活用品、建筑构件和模型等，全景化地呈现了文艺复兴时期意大利艺术、文化和社会生活。“与以往在中国看到的文艺复兴展览最大的不同，此次展览关注的重心是引领观众理解这些艺术品为什么会被创作，如何使用和解读。”黄雪寅说。

展览分为“传统与创新”“人是宇宙的中心”“艺术与信仰”三个单元。“从艺术层面到生活层面再到精神层面，三个单元层层递进。其它关于文艺复兴的展览是从艺术欣赏、名家名作的角度来切入，而在此次展览的第二、第三部分更多地展现了当时人们的日常生活、精神风貌和思想。”展览内容负责人张继华说。同时，为帮助观众更深刻地理解文艺复兴运动的内涵，除了文艺复兴时期的展品外，观众也会看到古罗马时期的雕塑以及拜占庭风格的少量绘画，张继华说：“之所以选择非文艺复兴时期的作品，是为了更直观地向观众呈现出文艺复兴和古希腊、古罗马之间的关联，即汲取古典文化的精华，革新中世纪传统。”

“传统与创新”单元主要展现从中世纪到文艺复兴时期，意大利绘画、建筑和城市规划等领域发生的深刻变革。通过与拜占庭风格的画作对照，可以清晰地领会这一时期艺术上的革新。此外，还利用一些画作展现这一时期建筑风格的变化。

“人是宇宙的中心”单元则通过大量肖像画，诠释这个时代的一大特征就是强调人的价值。莱奥纳尔多·达·芬奇的素描《维特鲁威人》是这一思想最直观的表达。展览依照原稿专门制作了一个装置，供观众拍照比对，以此加深理解。与此同时，提香及其工作室绘制的唯一存世的《戎装的查理五世》，展出前刚刚完成修复。该单元还通过绘画作品和建筑模型展现了美第奇家族成员的风采、婚礼场景和别墅，让观众走近意大利文艺复兴运动的重要推动者之一——美第奇家族。

“艺术与信仰”单元展示了当时人们的思想状态：文艺复兴时期，艺术缓慢但稳定地朝着世俗化的方向发展。艺术家将现实生活引入到宗教绘画中，在绘画中神圣人物被表现得更具人情味，此外，还展现了该时期出现的古典神话和古罗马历史这种世俗题材的画作。

通过这些藏品，观众将更直观、更真实地理解意大利文艺复兴时期的文化和艺术。“这个展览绝不仅仅是欣赏性的展览，而是通过文艺复兴时期的艺术和生活，展现当时人们的生活风貌，从而和传统的中国文化达到文明共鉴的目的。”黄雪寅说。

A few hundred years ago, the Renaissance movement that began in Florence, Italy, opened a new era in the history of Western civilization. Engels once said: "The Renaissance is a great, progressive change that humans have never experienced before. It is an era of giants under great demand---a giant with versatility and knowledge in terms of thinking ability, passion and character."How was the art, life and thought of Italy during the Renaissance? From March 27thto June 22nd, the Exhibition of Italian Art, Culture and Life in Renaissance held at the Capital Museum will answer questions for the audiences.

The exhibition, organized by MiBACT, State Administration of Cultural Heritage and Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage and undertaken by the Capital Museum, is under the framework of the China-Italy cultural cooperation mechanism,the " Sleeping Beauty of Italian Museum" project. According to HUANG Xueyin, event curator from Chinese side and Deputydirector of Capital Museum: "the character of the event is to organize the themed exhibition after the selection of collections of sleeping exhibits of Italian museums.Most of the exhibits in this event are in China for the first time."

Some 102 pieces of exhibits from 17 museums and institutions in Italy,such as Uffizi Gallery, Bargello National Museum, Umbria National Art Museum, etc., are of extremely high diversity,not only including paintings by a large group of artists such as Tiziano, Botticelli, Perugino, Tintoretto and Palma, but also badges, clothing, daily necessities, building components and models, presenting a panoramic view of Renaissance Italian art, culture and social life."Very different from the Renaissance exhibitions that we have seen in China, the focus of this event is to lead viewers to understand why these artworks were created,how they were used and interpreted." Huang Xueyin said.

The exhibition is divided into three modules: "Tradition and Innovation," "Human is the Center of the Universe", "Art and Faith". "From the level of art to the life to the spirit, the three units are progressive. Other exhibitions concerning the Renaissance are from the perspective of art appreciation and famous masterpieces. The second and third part of the exhibition show more content about people’s daily life,spiritual outlook and ideas."According to ZHANG Jihua, who is responsible for exhibition content. Meanwhile, to help the audiences gain a deeper understanding of the meaning of the Renaissance movement, in addition to Renaissance exhibits, they will also find ancient Roman sculptures and a small amount of Byzantine paintings. ZHANG Jihua said: "The reason why nonrenaissance works were chosen was to visualize the link between the renaissance and ancient Greece and ancient Rome more intuitively, that is, to extract the essence of classical culture and to innovate the medieval traditions."

The "Tradition and Innovation" module mainly reflects the profound changes that have taken place in the fields of Italian painting, architecture and urban planning from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.By contrasting with Byzantine style paintings,people can clearly grasp the artistic innovations of this period.In addition, some paintings are employed to demonstrate the changes in architectural style during this period.

The "Human is the Center of the Universe" module interprets a major feature of this era, which is to emphasize the value of peoplethrough a large number of portraits. Leonardo Da Vinci's sketchUomo Vitruviano isthe most intuitive expression of this idea. According to the original manuscript, the exhibition produced a special device for the audience to take pictures for comparison in order to deepen their understanding.At the same time, Tiziano and his studio's exclusive surviving workingPortrait of Charles V in Armourwas just repaired completely before the show.The unit also shows the charm, wedding scenes and villas of the Medici family members through paintings and architectural models, allowing the audiences to approach the Medici family,one of the key promoters of the Italian Renaissance.

The "Art and Faith" module shows people’s state of mind at that time.During the Renaissance, art slowly but steadily developed in the direction of secularization. The artist introduces real life into religious paintings, in which the sacred characters are rendered more human.The artists borrowed classical art forms to express religious themes. Several ancient Roman sculptures are deliberately selected in the exhibition to illustrate this phenomenon. In addition, it also witnesses paintings of such secular themes as classical mythology and ancient Roman history emerged during this period.

The audiences will understand Italian Renaissance culture and art more intuitively and truthfullythrough these collections. "This exhibition is not just an appreciation for admiration. It is through the art and life of the Renaissance to show people’s life style at that time so as to realize the purpose of paralleled admiration of civilization of the traditional Chinese culture." said HUANG Xueyin.