MicroRNA-196a 对食管癌预后的评估价值及其生物学行为的调控机制

2017-09-18 06:13吴晓鹏陈强刘勤乔滨张卫国
中国现代医学杂志 2017年13期
关键词:划痕生存期食管癌

吴晓鹏,陈强,刘勤,乔滨,张卫国

(河南科技大学第一附属医院 肿瘤外科二病区,河南 洛阳 471003)

MicroRNA-196a 对食管癌预后的评估价值及其生物学行为的调控机制

吴晓鹏,陈强,刘勤,乔滨,张卫国

(河南科技大学第一附属医院 肿瘤外科二病区,河南 洛阳 471003)

目的探讨microRNA-196a(miR-196a)对食管癌预后的评估价值及其生物学行为的调控机制。方法收集120例行食管癌根治性手术切除的食管癌组织及癌旁组织,逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测组织miR-196a表达水平,分析miR-196a表达与食管癌患者临床资料的关系。对食管癌患者进行随访,记录患者总生存期(OS)和无病生存期(DFS);以OS和DFS作为评价指标,采用单变量和多变量Cox比例风险模型评价患者预后的影响因素。分别采用miR-196a mimic、NC-mimic、miR-196a inhibitor、NC-inhibitor转染食管癌TE1细胞,MTT实验检测细胞增殖能力,Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭能力,细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力,Western blot检测细胞ANXA1、NTN4、HMGA2、HOXB8蛋白表达。结果miR-196a在食管癌组织中表达水平高于癌旁组织(P<0.05);在TE1细胞中,miR-196a mimic组miR-196a表达水平高于NC-mimic组,miR-196a inhibitor组miR-196a表达水平低于NC-inhibitor组(P<0.05),证实细胞转染实验成功。将食管癌患者按照miR-196a表达分为miR-196a高表达组51例和低表达组69例,miR-196a表达与年龄、性别、分化程度、N分期、肿瘤位置等无关(P>0.05),随着T分期、TNM分期和肿瘤直径增加,miR-196a高表达率升高(P<0.05)。生存分析显示,miR-196a高表达患者总生存期(P=0.015)和无病生存期(P=0.017)低于miR-196a低表达者;单因素和多因素分析显示,T分期、miR-196a表达是影响患者总生存期和无病生存期的的独立危险因素(均P<0.05)。MTT实验结果显示,第48~120 h,miR-196a mimic组吸光度值高于NC-mimic组,miR-196a inhibitor组吸光度值低于 NC-inhibitor组(P<0.05);Transwell小室实验显示,miR-196a mimic组穿膜细胞数量高于NC-mimic组,miR-196a inhibitor组穿膜细胞数量低于NC-inhibitor组(P< 0.05);细胞划痕实验显示,miR-196a mimic组细胞迁移距离高于NC-mimic组,miR-196a inhibitor组细胞迁移距离低于NC-inhibitor组(P<0.05)。Western blot实验结果显示,miR-196a mimic组、NC-mimic组、miR-196a inhibitor组、NC-inhibitor组HMGA2、HOXB8蛋白表达比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),miR-196a mimic组 ANXA1、NTN4蛋白表达低于 NC-mimic组,miR-196a inhibitor组 ANXA1、NTN4 蛋白表达高于NC-inhibitor组(P<0.05)。结论miR-196a能够作为食管癌预后的预测指标之一;miR-196a可能通过抑制ANXA1、NTN4基因的表达参与调控食管癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移等生物学行为。

微小RNA;食管癌;预后;增殖;侵袭;迁移

早期食管癌临床症状不明显[1],其5年生存率仅为 15%~25%[2]。MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一种非编码的小分子RNA,含有20~22核苷酸,主要参与调控基因的表达和转录。在恶性肿瘤中,miRNAs能够抑制某些特殊的基因表达而发挥癌基因或抑癌基因的作用[3-4]。MicroRNA-196a(miR-196a)在不同类型肿瘤中表达差异较大,其所介导的生物学行为也不同[5-7]。本研究采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction,RT-PCR)检测食管癌癌组织和癌旁组织miR-196a表达水平,并进一步通过体外培养食管癌细胞株,观察miR-196a对食管癌迁移、侵袭、增殖等生物学行为的影响及可能作用机制,旨在探讨miR-196a对食管癌的潜在临床价值,现将研究成果总结报道如下。

1 资料与方法

收集河南科技大学第一附属医院2009年4月至2011年4月行食管癌根治性手术切除的标本组织120例,所有患者均经病理学证实,患者术前未接受放疗、化疗等抗肿瘤治疗。每例患者术中采集癌组织及癌旁组织(距癌组织边缘≥5 cm),手术剪将样本组织剪成0.5 cm×0.5 cm×0.5 cm的块状,并立即置于液氮中保存。同时收集患者临床资料,包括姓名、性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、浸润深度(T分期)、淋巴结转移(N分期)、远处转移(M分期)、分化程度,临床病理分期参考美国癌症国际联盟抗癌分期手册[8](American joint c ommittee on cancer-international union against cancer staging manual)TNM 分 类 系统。本研究经本院医院伦理委员会批准,患者签署知情同意书。对患者术后进行随访,术后第1年每3个月随访1次,之后6个月随访1次。

1.2 细胞来源及处理

食管癌细胞株TE1细胞购自美国菌种保藏中心(American type culture collection,ATCC),TE1 细胞接种于DMEM培养基(含10%胎牛血清、100 u/ml青霉素和100 mg/ml链霉素),恒温培养箱中以37℃、5%二氧化碳CO2培养。取对数生长期细胞,转染前24 h用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化,以1×105个/孔接种于6孔板中,待细胞融合度≥80%时开始转染。TE1细胞分为4组:miR-196a mimic组、NC-mimic组、miR-196a inhibitor组和 NC-inhibitor组。取37.5 ng miR-196a mimic、NC-mimic、miR-196a inhibito或NC-inhibitor,溶于100μl无胎牛血清的DMEM培养基(A液)静置10 min,再取4μl Lipofectamine 2000TM,溶于100μl无胎牛血清的DMEM培养基(B液)静置5 min;A液和B液混匀后室温静置10 min。将混合液加入至培养板,置于37℃、5%CO2培养箱中培养6~8 h。弃去转染液,加入2 ml DMEM培养基继续培养,待细胞生长完全融合时收集上清液,按1∶3比例传代培养。

1.3 实验试剂

DMEM培养基购自美国Gibco公司,RIPA裂解液、胰蛋白酶、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、胎牛血清、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒购自广州碧云天生物技术研究所,Trizol试剂、RT-PCR反应试剂盒、脂质体Lipofectamine 2000TM购自美国Invitrogen公司,miR-196a mimic/inhibitor特异性寡核苷酸序列委托上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成设计,miR-196a mimic序列:5'-UAGGUAGUUUCAUGUUGUUGGG-3',阴性对照(NC-mimic)序列:5'-UUUGUACUACACAAAAG UACUG-3';miR-196a inhibitor序列:5'-UAGGUAG UUUCAUGUUGUUGGG-3',阴性对照(NC-inhibitor):5'-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAAA-3',RNA 提取试剂、SYBR Premix ExTaqⅡ试剂盒购自宝生物工程(大连)有限公司,Transwell小室、Matrigel人工基底膜购自美国BD公司,兔抗人ANXA1多克隆抗体、兔抗人NTN4多克隆抗体、兔抗人HMGA2多克隆抗体、兔抗人HOXB8多克隆抗体、辣根过氧化酶标记的羊抗兔IgG二抗购自Santa Cruz公司,聚烯酰胺、PVDF膜、十二烷基硫酸钠购自美国Sigma公司。

1.4 实验方法

1.4.1 MTT增殖实验检测细胞增殖能力 取对数生长期细胞,用不含胎牛血清的培养基调整浓度为1×105/ml,接种于96孔板,每组设置6个复孔,37℃、5%CO2条件下培养,分别于细胞接种0、24、48、72、96和 120 h时加入 MTT试剂(20μl/孔),孵育4 h后再向每孔中加入150μl DMSO,室温下振荡15 min,置于酶标仪上检测570 nm处吸光度值(A值),以评价细胞生长能力。

1.4.2 Transwell小室实验检测细胞侵袭能力 用不含血清的培养基将转染后细胞浓度调整为1.0×105个 /ml,Transwell上室每孔接种 150μl细胞,下室加入600μl含有20%胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养基作为趋化剂,37℃培养48 h,轻轻拭去表面非侵袭性细胞,4%多聚甲醛固定,苏木精染色10 min,200倍荧光显微镜下统计穿透滤膜的细胞数。

根据《山西省运城市第二次水资源调查评价报告》中伍姓湖与地下水互补关系微弱的结论,加之历时较短故不统计湖周边浸润带的散发量、湖面降水量和湖水渗漏补给量。

1.4.3 细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力 将细胞接种于6孔板,待细胞融合度≥70%时进行划痕实验。用记号笔在培养板后均匀划间距为0.5 cm的横线(确保每孔至少有4条线穿过),每孔中铺1×105个细胞,细胞融合度≥80%时用无菌用移液枪枪头在单层细胞沿底部划出“一”字划痕,PBS冲洗3次后,分别于培养12、24和48 h在显微镜下测量划痕的宽度,并计算细胞迁移率。细胞迁移率=(初始划痕宽度-不同时间点划痕宽度)/初始划痕宽度×100%。实验重复3次,取平均值。

1.4.4 miR-196a靶基因预测 采用TargetScan软件预测miR-196a靶基因,通过查询基因数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank),对靶基因进行筛选,靶基因满足以下2个标准:①被基因数据库收录;②在既往的研究中显示与食管癌进展密切相关。按照上述标准,共有4个靶基因:ANXA1、NTN4、HMGA2、HOXB8 纳入研究。

1.4.5 RT-PCR检测组织和细胞miR-196a表达水平 组织总RNA提取:从液氮中取出50 mg组织样本,充分研磨,加入1 ml Trizol裂解液,冰浴上静置10 min。细胞总RNA提取:PBS冲洗生长状态良好的TE1细胞,加入1 ml Trizol裂解液,冰浴上静置10 min。紫外分光光度计测定260 nm和280 nm处吸光度值,当A260/A280>2.0,说明RNA纯度合格。取2μl总RNA进行逆转录:2μl总RNA中加入 8μl无核酸酶水和2μl RT Primer,85℃反应5 min后置于冰浴3 min。再向上述12μl混合物中加入 RT buffer 3μl、dNTP 0.5μl、RNase 1μl、ddH2O 8μl,反应条件:37℃ 60 min,85℃ 5 min。取 5μl逆转录产物作为模板,利用SYBR Premix ExTaqⅡ试剂盒进行RT-PCR,U6作为内参,反应条件:95℃预变性 30 s,95℃变性 10 s,60℃延伸 40 s,35 个循环后 74℃延伸 5 min;设置熔解曲线:Melt curve:65~95℃,increment 0.5℃ 0.05min+plate read。miR-196a引物委托上海博尚生物技术有限公司设计合成,miR-196a引物,正向:5'-GAGAAGCAGCATGAGTA TTGGA-3',反向:5'-GGATGTAGTTGAGGCACGTCT G-3';U6 引物,正向:5'-CCAGCAAGAGCACAAGAG GAAGAG-3',反向:5'-GGTCTACATGGCAACTGTGA GGAG-3'。miR-196a 表达量采用 2-△△ct表示,每个样本均检测3次。

1.4.6 Western blot检测 ANXA1、NTN4、HMGA2、HOXB8蛋白表达 取对数生长期细胞,弃去培养液,PBS冲洗,加入离心管中,再加入1 ml RIPA裂解液置于冰浴上裂解30min,4℃条件下离心15 min,BCA蛋白浓度试剂盒检测蛋白纯度。采用Western blot检测 E-cadherin、N-cadherin 蛋白水平,将20μg蛋白提取液置于10%SDS-PAGE电泳分离,常规湿法转膜,加入5%脱脂牛奶孵育封闭2 h。加入 1∶500 ANXA1抗体、1∶500 NTN4抗体、1∶500 HMGA2抗体、1∶200 HOXB8抗体,4℃孵育24 h。再滴加二抗37℃孵育2 h。PBS冲洗3次,按照ECL化学发光显影试剂盒显影,以GAPDH作为内参照,分析目的条带相对表达量。

1.5 统计学方法

采用GraphPad Prism5.0软件进行数据处理,计量资料用均数±标准差(±s)表示,多组间比较采用one-way ANOVA分析,两组间比较采用配对t检验;计数资料用百分率表示,率的比较采用χ2检验或Fishers确切概率法;生存分析采用Kaplan Meier法及Log-rank法检验;采用单变量和多变量Cox比例风险模型评价患者预后的影响因素,P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 食管癌组织及细胞miR-196a表达

miR-196a在食管癌组织中表达水平高于癌旁组织(t=34.025,P=0.000,图 1A);在 TE1 细胞中,miR-196a mimic组miR-196a表达水平高于NC-mimic 组 (t=13.019,P=0.000),miR-196a inhibitor组miR-196a表达水平低于NC-inhibitor组(t=11.024,P=0.000,图 1B),证实转染实验成功。

2.2 miR-196a表达与食管癌患者临床病理资料的关系

以食管癌miR-196a表达中位值(10.47±1.5)作为分界点,将食管癌分为两组:miR-196a高表达组51例和低表达组69例,结果显示miR-196a表达与年龄、性别、分化程度、N分期、肿瘤位置等无关(P>0.05),随着T分期、TNM分期和肿瘤直径增加,miR-196a高表达率升高(P <0.05),见表 1。

2.3 miR-196a表达与食管癌患者生存预后的关系

生存分析显示,miR-196a高表达患者总生存期(P=0.015,图 2A)和无病生存期(P=0.017,图 2B)低于miR-196a低表达者;单因素和多因素分析显示,T分期、miR-196a表达是影响患者总生存期和无病生存期的的独立危险因素(均P<0.05),见表2。

2.4 食管癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力

MTT实验结果显示,第48~120 h,miR-196amimic组吸光度值高于NC-mimic组(P=0.021,图3A),miR-196a inhibitor组吸光度值低于 NC-inhibitor组(t=2.913,P=0.013,图3B);Transwell小室实验显示,miR-196a mimic组穿膜细胞数高于NC-mimic 组(t=1.793,P=0.033,图3C),miR-196a inhibitor组穿膜细胞数低于NC-inhibitor组(t=2.002,P=0.031,图3C);细胞划痕实验显示,miR-196a mimic组细胞迁移距离高于NC-mimic组(t=7.045,P=0.000,图3D),miR-196a inhibitor组细胞迁移距离低于 NC-inhibitor组(t=2.547,P=0.019,图 3D)。

表1 miR-196a表达与食管癌患者临床病理资料的关系

图1 食管癌组织及细胞miR-196a表达

图2 miR-196a高表达和低表达食管癌患者总生存期和无病生存期的Kapl an-M ei er曲线

表2 单因素和多因素分析影响食管癌O S和D FS的临床病理因素

2.5 食管癌细胞 AN XA1、N TN 4、H M G A2、H O XB8蛋白表达

图3 食管癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力

图4 食管癌细胞AN XA1、N TN 4、H M G A2、H O XB8蛋白表达

Western blot实验结果显示,miR-196a mimic组 、NC-mimic 组 、miR-196a inhibitor组 、NC-inhibitor组HMGA2、HOXB8蛋白表达比较差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05),miR-196a mimic组 ANXA1、NTN4蛋白表达低于NC-mimic组(t=13.009和15.094,均 P=0.000),miR-196a inhibitor组 ANXA1、NTN4蛋白表达高于NC-inhibitor组(t=22.174和 19.382,均 P=0.000),见图 4。

3 讨论

MicroRNAs是广泛存在于真核生物和人类的内源性非编码小分子RNA,在肿瘤方面,miRNAs可以作为抑癌基因和癌基因参与肿瘤的发生、发展。miR-196a是近年来发现的与恶性肿瘤密切相关的miRNA,其包括miR-196a-1和miR-196a-2两个编码基因[9-11]。有报道称[12]miR-196a-2基因T/C多态性能够影响miR-196a对靶点的识别,携带GG基因型的miR-196a胃癌患者预后较差,提示miR-196a与肿瘤的发生、进展有关。不同起源的恶性肿瘤miR-196a表达存在一定差异,并且由miR-196a介导的生物学行为也不同。TSAI等[13]报道称食管癌、结肠癌、胶质瘤等癌组织中miR-196a表达升高,而在乳腺癌、黑色素瘤等组织中表达下调。

本研究显示食管癌组织miR-196a表达水平高于癌旁组织,提示miR-196a可能作为癌基因参与食管癌的进展。分析miR-196a与食管癌患者临床病理资料的关系,结果显示miR-196a表达与T分期、TNM分期和肿瘤直径有关,即随着T分期、TNM分期和肿瘤直径增加,miR-196a高表达率升高。本研究提示miR-196a或许可以作为食管癌预后评估的指标。为了证实上述猜测,本研究统计了食管癌患者术后随访资料,结果发现miR-196a高表达患者总生存期和无病生存期低于miR-196a低表达者,说明miR-196a高表达与食管癌不良预后有关。单因素和多因素分析也证实,T分期、miR-196a表达是影响患者总生存期和无病生存期的的独立危险因素。GOCZE等[14]报道称miR-196a rs11614913多态性是预测胃癌预后的敏感指标,并能够为预测胃癌化疗敏感型提供参考。但是在不同来源肿瘤中miR-196a的预测价值不完全一样,比如GUO等[15]报道称miR-196a高表达的宫颈癌患者5年生存率高于低表达者,miR-196a过表达与宫颈癌细胞增殖抑制有关。

miRNAs参与调控肿瘤的机制较为复杂,包括受到转录因子调控、与靶基因之间的调控以及受到竞争性内源RNA的调控等。RICHARDS等[16]报道称miR-196a能够与靶基因3'-UTR的区域microRNA反应元件竞争性结合miRNA,阻断miRNA对靶基因的抑制作用而参与肿瘤的调控。本研究分别采用miR-196a mimic和miR-196a inhibitor转染食管癌TE1细胞,结果显示miR-196a mimic组吸光度值、穿膜细胞数量、胞迁移距离高于NC-mimic组,miR-196a inhibitor组吸光度值、穿膜细胞数量、胞迁移距离低于NC-inhibitor组,说明过表达miR-196a能够促进TE1细胞增殖、侵袭和迁移能力,而抑制miR-196a则能阻断上述生物学行为。

进一步分析miR-196a潜在的调控靶基因,结果显示miR-196amimic组、NC-mimic组、miR-196ainhibitor组 、NC-inhibitor 组 HMGA2、HOXB8蛋白表达比较差异均无统计学意义,miR-196a mimic组 ANXA1、NTN4蛋白表达低于NC-mimic 组,miR-196a inhibitor组 ANXA1、NTN4蛋白表达高于NC-inhibitor组,说明miR-196a过表达能够抑制 ANXA1、NTN4 基因,ANXA1、NTN4 可能是miR-196a调控的靶基因之一。ANXA1以抑癌基因参与肿瘤的调控,既往研究[17]证实ANXA1能抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖和促进细胞的凋亡;ZHANG等[18]证实在食管癌中,ANXA1能够激活MAPKs和JNK信号转导通路,诱导细胞由增殖转向凋亡。NTN4是神经生长因子(netrin)家族成员之一,具有促进轴突生长、分支形成的作用。结合本研究结果,说明miR-196a可能通过抑制ANXA1、NTN4基因的表达发挥细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移的诱导作用。但是限于本研究的局限性在于,未对miR-196a调控ANXA1、NTN4的信号通路进行分析,这也是接下来研究工作的重点。

综上所述,miR-196a能够作为食管癌预后的预测指标之一;miR-196a可能通过抑制 ANXA1、NTN4基因的表达参与调控食管癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移等生物学行为。

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(张蕾 编辑)

Prognostic value of miR-196a in esophageal carcinoma and its regulatory mechanism of biological behavior

Xiao-peng Wu,Qiang Chen,Qin Liu,Bin Qiao,Wei-guo Zhang
(Department of Cancer Surgery,the First Affiliated Hospital,Henan University of Science and Technology,Luoyang,Henan 471003,China)

ObjectiveTo explore the prognostic value of miR-196a in esophageal carcinoma and its regulatory mechanism of biological behavior.MethodsEsophageal carcinoma tissues and paracancerous tissues were collected from 120 patients.miR-196a expression level was detected by RT-PCR.The relationships between miR-196a expression and clinical data were analyzed.The esophageal carcinoma patients were followed up.The overallsurvival (OS)and disease-free survival (DFS)were recorded.Taking OS and DFS as evaluation indexes,the prognostic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.The TE1 cells were transfected with miR-196a mimic,NC-mimic,miR-196a inhibitor and NC-inhibitor.Cell proliferative ability was detected by MTT assay,invasive ability was detected by Transwell assay,migratory ability was detected by cell scratch assay.ANXA1,NTN4,HMGA2 and HOXB8 protein expressions in the cells were detected by Western blot.ResultsThe expression of miR-196a in the esophageal carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in the paracancerous tissues(P<0.05).In the TE1 cells,the expression of miR-196a in the miR-196a mimic group was significantly higher than that in the NC-mimic group,the expression of miR-196a in the miR-196a inhibitor group was significantly lower than that in the NC-inhibitor group (P<0.05),which confirmed the cell transfection experiment was successful.The esophageal carcinoma patients were divided into miR-196a high-expression group(51 cases)and miR-196a low-expression group (69 cases)according to the miR-196a expression.miR-196a expression was not related to age,sex,differentiation,N stage or tumor location (P>0.05).With the increase of T staging,TNM stage and tumor diameter,the high-expression rate of miR-196a was significantly increased(P<0.05).Survival analysis showed that OS and DFS in the miR-196a high-expression group were significantly lower than those in the miR-196a low-expression group (P<0.05).Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that T stage and miR-196a expression were the independent risk factors for OS and DFS(P<0.05).MTT experimental showed that in the 48th-120th h,the absorbance value of the miR-196a mimic group was significantly higher than that of the NC-mimic group,while the absorbance value of the miR-196a inhibitor group was significantly lower than that of the NC-inhibitor group(P<0.05).Transwell chamber experiment showed that the number of transmembrane cells in the miR-196a mimic group was significantly larger than that in the NC-mimic group,and the number of transmembrane cells in the miR-196a inhibitor group was significantly smaller than that in the NC-inhibitor group(P<0.05).Cell scratch test showed that the cell migration distance in the miR-196a mimic group was significantly longer than that in the NC-mimic group,and the cell migration distance in the miR-196a inhibitor group was significantly shorter than the NC-inhibitor group (P<0.05).Western blot showed that there was no significant difference in HMGA2 or HOXB8 protein expression among the 4 TE1 cell groups (P>0.05);the expressions of ANXA1 and NTN4 proteins in the miR-196a mimic group were significantly lower than those in the NC-mimic group,but the expressions of ANXA1 and NTN4 proteins in the miR-196a inhibitor group were significantly higher than those in the NC-inhibitor group (P<0.05).ConclusionsmiR-196a can be used as one of the indexes predicting the prognosis of esophageal carcinoma.It may inhibit the proliferation,invasion and migration of esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting the expressions ofANXA1andNTN4genes.

microRNA;esophageal carcinoma;prognosis;proliferation;invasion;migration

R735.1

A

10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2017.13.010

1005-8982(2017)13-0050-08

2017-01-05

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